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The Global Effects of Imperialism, World War I and the...

The Global Effects of Imperialism, World War I and the Great Depression Bentley first talked about cross-cultural interactions as a way to categorize the World’s history. He in addition wrote about the importance of understanding events from a global perspective, not just one country’s point of view. Because of these two fundamental elements to his argument, we can assess events differently than before hand, finding out ways to take a step†¦show more content†¦These colonies according to Kipling needed protection from their surroundings. Imperialism had an impact on the world because it created a new market for goods to be exchanged. Countries in Europe were able to acquire new natural resources and raw materials for further production. Then, these countries could sell their goods back to their colonies or elsewhere in the world. The imperialistic movements also had a global impact because of the conflict that arose between nations. Tension was building in Europe over the control of colonies and African countries had to fight wars to make an attempt at retaining their freedom. Eventually, these wars would be a factor in the causes for World War I because Europeans were building conflict with one another in an effort to show off their strength and power in Africa. The assassination of the archduke Franz Ferdinand led to the beginning of the Great War. Though that one event probably did not carry enough importance to cause a worldwide impact, there were several factors such as the imperial wars and the arms race that also were important in causing the war. The death of the archduke then was just a disguise or an excuse for these countries to go to war because tensions had been building amongst one another for years. Like the Great Depression, World War I affected Europe the most. Fighting in Africa did occur however and many of the imperial colonies were at stake duringShow MoreRelatedEvents Between 1870-19451419 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding events from a global perspective, not just one country’s point of view. Because of these two fundamental elements to his argument, we can assess events differently than before hand, finding out ways to take a step back and look at actions as they affect multiple nations simultaneously. Of thes e international events from 1870-1945, the Age of Imperialism, World War I, and the Great Depression had worldwide impacts on economic and social issues. Imperialism in the late 19th century becameRead MoreGlobal Effects Of The Great Depression Essay1099 Words   |  5 PagesGrace Young Dr. John R. Dabrowski American History II, AMH-2020-H01 7 December 2016 Global Effects of the Great Depression When the American stock market crashed on the infamous Black Tuesday in October 1929, the resulting circumstances were felt worldwide. This crisis resulted in a devastating economic collapse. The ensuing Great Depression was in fact a global event. The world was not immediately engulfed by this wave of economic decline. The timing of economic events varied greatly among nationsRead MoreThe United States Of America1527 Words   |  7 Pagesthat displays strong democratic tradition but history teaches us that there have been presidents whom have demonstrated imperialism. Imperialism occurs when a stronger nation takes over by force a weaker nation or region and then imposes it’s economic, political and or cultural life on that region. Imperialism has been around for centuries beginning in the ancient world when great empires arose due to a civilization or religious belief attempting to dominate and control others. Then in the modern ageRead MoreThe Assassination of Franz Ferd inand, the Austrian Archduk Essay772 Words   |  4 Pagesgruesome wars to ever happen in human history. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand, the Austrian Archduke, by the hands of a Bosnian Serb propelled a conflict of gigantic proportions, pitting country against country and dividing the continent into two rival factions. However, the mayhem that ensued was for nothing. It is evident that the war was unnecessary, for its roots were pointlessly trivial, it could have been avoided, and yet it left a shattered world behind, damaging the world in a way thatRead MoreThe Causes Behind The Atrocities Experienced During World War II1166 Words   |  5 Pagesexperienced during World War II, many reasons for these events can be found in the conditions occurring beforehand. Beyond this, many of these causes can be applicable contributions to each World War. In terms of cause, World War II can be considered an inevitable continuation of the first World War. It erupted due to Hitler’ s extreme desire for expansion and hostile foreign policy, war was immediately declared upon German militarization of Poland. However, the expectation for global warfare had beenRead MoreEffects Of Imperialism On The Indian Economy1449 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Imperialism to the Indian Economy In 2015 India was ranked among the highest countries globally in consumer confidence, this comes after the International Monetary Fund estimated an economic growth of up to 7% annually for the next decade in India. But this hasn t always been the case, in fact, it wasn t so long ago that India was simply another colonized nation around the world, not to mention it s usually rare to see this kind of economic growth in such a small periodRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1472 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War I was usually suggested to as The Great War. The war began sometime in 1914 and lasted four years, ending in 1918. America endorsed, in this era, a great amount of devastation. Throughout those four years alone approximately nine million casualties occurred and in addition millions more were mutilated, grief-stricken, handicapped, or traumatized. World War I is referred to by some, the first catastrophe, man-made, of the twentieth century. Many historians conti nue to contemplate the essentialRead MoreHist405 Full Course Latest 2015 Spring [ All Discussions , All Quizes and All Assignments ]3084 Words   |  13 Pagesdiss 2 Manifest Destiny (graded) Why did the Mexican War of 1846 take place? Was the war necessary? Was it a good thing? What does this war tell us about this period of American history? Was it God’s plan that the U.S. extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific, or were imperialists looking for a way to defend what they planned to do anyway? Elaborate. week 4 In the beginning, each side in the Civil War believed the war would be brief and that their side would win. What advantagesRead MoreCCOT And CC Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom 200 bc – 1450ce Analyze similarities and differences in the rise of TWO of the following empires: A West African Sudanic empire (Mali OR Ghana OR Songhay) The Aztec Empire The Mongol Empire Compare and contrast the political and economic effects of Mongol rule on TWO of the following regions China Middle East Russia Analyze the changes and continuities in commerce in the Indian Ocean region from 650-1750 ce Compare and contrast Islam’s impact on politics in Africa and India fromRead MoreImperialism Is The Practice Of Establishing Financial Or Political Dominance Over Another Country2021 Words   |  9 PagesImperialism is the practice of a country taking over, or colonizing other parts of the world and while doing so, increasing their own country’s power. They help other countries with trade, sometimes improving that country’s economy. They also may help poorer countries by influencing the way they live. Imperialism is the practice of establishing financial or political dominance over another country. The colonizing country is seeking to build upon its empire for the greater good of its people, other

Review Your Own Role and Responsibilities and Boundaries as a Teacher Free Essays

The teaching/training cycle is an invaluable model that should inform the practice of any teacher, of any subject. The beauty of it is that it provides a structure so that both teachers and trainers can assess and refresh their practice and, at the same time, review their role, responsibility and boundaries. By following the training cycle, teachers should be able to instill greater understanding of the course that is being taught and to afford students greater enjoyment and satisfaction. We will write a custom essay sample on Review Your Own Role and Responsibilities and Boundaries as a Teacher or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the beginning of the cycle is the assessment. The teacher’s role in this case is that of an assessor and a reviewer. Assessing entails finding out the students’ preparedness in terms of t any learning disabilities heir existing knowledge; their literacy and numeracy level; their preferred learning style any also learning disabilities. This initial assessment will be invaluable for the planning of the course and for catering for all participant students. The initial assessment can take up to three weeks however, some colleges / institutions may interview students before the beginning of the course to ascertain their suitability etc. Irrespective of prior assessment, teachers should do a proper assessment when they meet with their students and continue throughout the teaching cycle. During the assessment process teachers may find a whole host of needs that need to be catered for, or barriers to learning. They could range from physical needs such as disability or dyslexia, to social needs deriving from the inability of interacting with the student community or intellectual stemming from the lack of previous academic experience or from the length of time required to process information, and include cultural needs too, expressed in terms of beliefs and values. In this first stage teachers needs to be sensitive and respectful of the needs of the students who may not wish to divulge information about themselves, which they consider private. At the same time teachers must ensure that confidentiality is kept. Having assessed the class, teachers’ second role is that of a planning according to needs, researching any unknown and organizing timings, material etc. Teaching should meet both students’ needs and course requirements, particularly if leading to an exam. There may already be a syllabus in which case it needs to be adapted or the teacher may need to write a new one. In both cases the learning outcome must be clearly defined so that time, resources and delivery / assessment methods are carefully selected. If courses are leading to a qualification then teacher need to be also aware of the requirements of the awarding body and make sure that all outcomes are reached within the time frame provided. Due consideration should also be given to health and safety. In the third element of the cycle teachers may take on board many roles; from lecturer to mentor, from coach to listener, from assessor to presenter, all the while maintaining their professionalism. This goes from their day to day behaviour to (i. e. ) dressing appropriately and maintaining a distance that allows for trust and respect) to being a good communicator and being prepared for the session. Each lesson should be well planned with a beginning (introduction and objectives), a middle (main body of lecture) and an end (drawing conclusions). Teachers have also the responsibility of keeping records of students and of their own lesson plans and reflections. The delivery of the material should be varied and take into account the number of learners and their learning styles. With the forth role the teacher becomes an assessor but also a marker and a provider of feedback. Teachers should set the assessment in line with the objectives of the course / lesson and make sure that the level is appropriate for the students. Teachers have a great responsibility to monitor the progress of their students throughout the course and also at the end. The assessment methods should be fair and valid for the session and the course. Teachers should also make sure that students are aware of the assessment requirements and that they are ready to meet the criteria. The feedback should be constructive and timely, making sure that any criticism is accompanied by praise. All feedback / assessment should be formally recorded. The last phase of the cycle is the evaluation. In this phase teachers continues to be assessors and reviewers but add an element of research dictated by the need to act upon any changes. Teachers need to review continuously the effectiveness of their teaching both in terms of content, delivery and esources. All teachers should complete an evaluation at the end of each session highlighting strength and weaknesses and areas for development for future sessions. They should also ask students to assess the session(s) verbally or otherwise although students’ achievements should give a good indication of how effective the teaching is. All feedback should be incorporated into the following sessions however, changes should be made only if they benefit the majority of students and if they are in line with the awarding body or the institute’s policy. How to cite Review Your Own Role and Responsibilities and Boundaries as a Teacher, Papers

Honors American Government free essay sample

An advantage of requiring lobbyists to report each contact with a government official is that voters would know which lobbyists tried to influence their elected officials and it might slow down the process of raising money through afternoon cocktail parties. 2. A disadvantage of requiring lobbyists to report each contact with a government official is that it could lead to a feeling of loss of privacy by lobbyists and elected officials and gathering information would be a logistical nightmare. Introduction 1. A lobbyist is an individual who attempts to influence policy. An interest group is an organization that actively attempts to influence government policy makers. Interest Groups: A Natural Phenomenon 1. Alexis de Tocqueville observed in 1834 that â€Å"in no country of the world has the principle of association been more successfully used or applied to a greater multitude of objectives than in America. † 2. In Madisons view, the multitude of interests work to discourage the formation of an oppressive interest (divide and conquer? ). We will write a custom essay sample on Honors American Government or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Why Do Americans Join Interest Groups? 1. People who become members of interest groups for solidarity incentives are joining for a sense of belonging to the group. . People who become members of interest groups for material incentives are joining to improve their economic opportunities. 3. People who become members of interest groups for purposive incentives are joining for ethical beliefs or ideological reasons. Interest Groups and Social Movements 1. Demands by a large segment of the population for change are called social movements. 2. Interest groups continue to form and act in American society because the right to join a group is protected by the First Amendment and because the Constitution creates a government structure with numerous â€Å"pressure points† for interest group activity. Types of Interest Groups 1. The most influential types of interest groups in the United States are business, agriculture, government and labor. 2. Big business pressure groups that are consistently effective include the National Association of Manufacturers and the U. S. Chamber of Commerce. 3. American farmers and their workers represent about 2% of the U. S. population. This fact illustrates that even a small percentage of the populace can be effective if they organize. 4. The full range of economic and political expression of working class interests is called the labor movement. . The age of automation and the rise of the service sector has led to a reduction in the percentage of blue collar workers in the total working population. 8. The part of the economy that provides services is called the service sector. 9. Since 1960, the greatest growth in unionization has occurred in the unionization of public employees.

Objective Summary Essays - Soups, Chicken Soup,

Objective Summary: The story is about a child's expectance of a family life filled with love and comforts, which is contrast with his real working class family life. Subjective Evaluation: Soto, back to his age of nine, dreamed to live in a family life that was uncomplicated in its routine. In reality, Soto lived in a working class family; he tried to change his family to imitate the perfect families he absorbed from television. I think many people have done what Soto did to fulfill the dream of a perfect family they wanted. I am not excluded from this either. I have an experience of attempting to change my family life. It was one year later after my family first came to the US in 1995. I learned many new things in this country that I never knew in China, and I appreciated some living styles in American culture. As I tended to like the styles of American life, I expected my family like them, too. The thing I wanted my family to change was the cooking style. I hated to cook Chinese dinner because it took so long to prepare. There are four kinds of food which are considered essential parts of Chinese dinner: rice, soup, vegetable, and meat; they are usually cooked separately. I was not the one who was good at cooking in my family, but I did have to cook when I came home earlier than my parents and two sisters still at work. One day, when we were sitting together at the dinning table for dinner, I suggested to my family that we could have sandwiches and precooked food from the supermarket as our dinner since many American families do. My parents looked at me in bewilderment. Son, you must be kidding, right? Those sandwiches and precooked food do not give you enough nutrition for growing up, my dad said. And precooked food is not good for your health, my mother kept on. My elder sisters showed no interest in my idea. I grew frustrated from their reaction, but I did not give up. Evening after evening, I kept bringing up the idea at the dinning table. My mother finally permitted me to make one American dinner for the family. That day, I went to the supermarket to buy bread, ham, and chicken soup right after school. I planned on making ham sandwiches and chicken soup for the dinner. The dinner was ready and served at our usual dinnertime. My mother tasted a spoon of the chicken soup and said, It tastes like brine, nothing but salty. Why don't they put some shark fins in it? She refused to have another spoon. My sisters only had a small bite of their sandwiches and then put them down; my father barely finished one. Even I could not have another one after finishing two. That night, my parents and sisters had instant noodle for dinner. Such a result was out of my expectation, but I had to accept it. From then on, the subject of changing cooking style is never brought up to the family conversation. I think Soto had the same feeling as I did when he found out that there was no way to change his family to be the perfect family he expected. When he realized that, he went out to look for work; being different from him, I tried to bring up another subject to the family conversation.

Rite, Shine, and Recognize

Rite, Shine, and Recognize Rite, Shine, and Recognize Rite, Shine, and Recognize By Maeve Maddox Here are three miscellaneous errors that cropped up in one morning’s batch of letters to the editor in my morning paper. 1. A reader responding to an editorial opposing a proposed state requirement for schools to provide compulsory instruction in cursive handwriting: Your thumbs-down reasoning on the state imposing cursive (a right of passage), and linking that to change vs. â€Å"old† ways, overlooks, as many often do, an important point. The purchase of a plane ticket might be said to confer a â€Å"right of passage.† In the context of the letter, however, the learning of cursive handwriting is viewed by the reader as a significant event in a child’s journey to adulthood. Such a transition from one phase of life to another is a â€Å"rite of passage.† 2. A reader urging the newspaper staff to scrutinize elected officials in order to make their failings public: First, I want to assure you I believe in light being shown on how our elected people are managing their responsibilities. The past form of the verb to shine is shone. The reader believes that light should be shone on elected officials. Note: Some English speakers prefer shined to shone. 3. A reader talking about the way politicians try to hurry the public into making decisions before all the facts are known: There are plenty that oppose this, but most intelligent people realize a railroad when they see one. The verb â€Å"to railroad† is a colloquialism meaning â€Å"to rush or coerce a person or thing in a particular direction or to a particular conclusion.† The noun deriving from this verb is also railroad. It means â€Å"an attempt at hurrying someone into a questionable decision.† The problem here is the use of realize in a context that calls for recognize. The intended meaning is that people are familiar enough with the practice of railroading to know an example of it when they see it. A person could â€Å"realize that they are being railroaded,† but they would â€Å"recognize a railroad when they see it.† recognize verb: to perceive to be the same as something or someone previously known or encountered. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs EnquireOne Sheep, Two Sheep, One Fish, Two Fish . . .Word Count and Book Length

Experiment 5 Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Experiment 5 - Lab Report Example The solar cells are not only cheap, but they are also safe for the environmental use because they do not result in pollution. In electrolyzing water using solar energy, dye-sensitized photovoltaic cells are used. The sensitizer absorbs light that excites the chromophore leading to the production of electrons that undergo a series of processes within the cell to produce electric current for electrolyzing water. It is hypothesized that dyes or quantum dots can be used to sensitize the semiconductor oxide films of a solar cell to generate electricity (Gratzel 6841). Thus, this experiment aims to construct a dye-sensitized solar cell and to measure its current and voltage as well as using the cell to convert light into electricity for electrolysis of water. The materials required for this experiment included a multimeter for measuring resistance, a candle flame for producing carbon powder, and a piece of wire for connecting glass layers. Two pieces of glass and a piece of tissue paper are also required. The chemicals included ethanol for removing dirt on the surfaces of the glass, anthocyanin dye, titanium dioxide paste, potassium triiodide (KI3) electrolyte. In addition, a lab coat, goggles, and tongs were required for safety reasons. We assembled the cell in the first lab session and determined the current and voltage. During this process, we identified the conducting side of a tin-oxide piece of glass by a multimeter and wiped off the surface with an ethanol-moistened tissue to remove dirt. We then added a small amount of titanium dioxide paste and heated the glass on a hot plate in a hood for 20 minutes until it turned green. On cooling to room temperature, we introduced anthocyanin dye. We coated the second piece of tin oxide glass with carbon powder by passing it through a candle flame. After which, we assembled the two glasses by putting the coated sides together

Sources of Funds case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sources of Funds case - Essay Example Equity can be generated internally as retained earnings or generated externally generated as common share capital. A company may choose to use its retained earnings to expand its operations. This is because the cost of retained earnings is relatively lower compared to the cost of common share capital. The major drawbacks of this source of finance are that it is usually inadequate, and its use can easily expose a company to liquidity problems. Consequently, a firm can source equity through issuing of common shares. This source of funds confers several advantages. The first advantage is that this form of financing is a permanent source of capital because common shares have no maturity date. The company does not have any liability for cash outflows linked with the redemption of the common shares. This facilitates financing of long term projects. Secondly use of equity lowers the gearing level hence a company has a broader borrowing capacity. Thirdly, the shareholders may provide valuabl e ideas to the company’s operations. However, this method faces various drawbacks. First the floatation costs are higher than those of debt (Pratt, 2010). Secondly, equity is only accessible to companies that have fulfilled the capital markets authority requirements. Thirdly, it can lead to dilution of ownership of control of the firm by the shareholders. The second method of raising capital is debt capital. This form of capital can be in the form of debentures and corporate bonds. This source of funds confers several advantages. Firstly, the floatation costs are lower than those of common share capital. Secondly, since the interest on debt is tax allowable then the company enjoys a tax saving. This method of raising capital also faces various drawbacks. Default in payment of principal and interest can force a company into liquidation. Secondly, Providers of debt capital impose conditions, and many restrictive covenants hence it

Why did capitalism emerge as mature system in Britain Research Paper

Why did capitalism emerge as mature system in Britain - Research Paper Example The topic of capitalism was originally brought about by Karl Marx and his colleague Fredrick Engels, who were both historians and theorists. According to Marx, capitalism originated from the Western Europe, more specifically in England. This is reiterated by Max Weber, who describes England as â€Å"the home of capitalism† (Jean Baechler et al. 1988, p. 185). Capitalism in England can be traced from the sixteenth century which coincided with the Agrarian revolution that was slowly taking place. Capitalism was, therefore, largely seen in the land ownership and agricultural production that characterized this revolution. During the sixteenth century, most parts of Europe were undergoing the Agrarian revolution. Typically, human beings engaging in agriculture in most parts of Europe were categorized into two main groups; the people who practiced agriculture (peasants) and those who appropriated other people’s labor. In this arrangement, those who worked on the land (peasant farmers) possessed land and had access to what they produced on their farms. However, the appropriators of labor (who were either the State or landowners) controlled what these peasants farmers sold or remained with for storage. This surplus produce was taken from the peasants by use of coercion which was carried out through various means such as judicial, military or political power. According to Marx, this kind of exploitation through direct coercion was referred to â€Å"extra-economic† means. This was, however, different from the developed capitalism where the farmers (producers) are completely property-less, onl y relying on wages in exchange of their labor-power in working on landowners’ properties (Wallerstein 2011). In this kind of capitalist relationship between appropriators and producers, what mattered most were the markets and the forces involved in them. For example, markets determined what the appropriators got in exchange

Specific Humoral Immunity B Cells Biology Essay

Specific Humoral Immunity B Cells Biology Essay The immune system is also known as the human defence system; it is made up different cells, tissues, proteins and organs which come together to play different roles in protecting the body from pathogens which are brought about by microorganisms such as: bacteria, parasites and viruses. The main cells which support the immune system include: phagocytes (white blood cells) and lymphocytes. In this section of the assignment, I will highlight the main functions of the immune system; looking specifically at how the cells of the immune system deal with infections after injuries and how this immunity is maintained in the bodys system. How the immune system responds to an infection after a cut in the finger: The human immune system responds to an infection after a cut by the process of inflammation. Inflammation is a non-specific defence response where blood and white blood cells called phagocytes are delivered to the hurt area in order to take immediate action against all kinds of pathogens which have invaded the body. After microbes and other external substances have entered the open cut, a blood clot will be produced to seal the wound in order to prevent other microbes from entering. After this barrier is placed forward, the process of inflammation can then take place effectively: Infected cells such as: mast cells and basophils start to produce chemical mediators such as: histamine. When the histamine is released, it helps increase the blood flow by widening the capillaries and arterioles which in turn increase the amount of oxygen and nutrients needed for inflammation to take place effectively. Increased blood flow also means that there will be more tissue fluid due to the pressure; this formation will not only carry the dead tissue and cells, but will allow them to drain away into the lymphatic vessels. Likewise, the increased permeability of the capillary walls allows the antibodies, white blood cells and plasma fluid to break through the walls and into the swelling tissues (tissue oedema). To finalise the healing process, the histamine attracts the white blood cells (phagocytes) sending them to the injured area where they engulf the microbes; some phagocytes, such as the neutrophils will consume them before dying to form a liquid like substance called: pus. In order to clear the area for new growth, the macrophages will also consume and absorb the microbes. How this immunity is maintained: Immunity is maintained by the adaptive response system (specific), where specialised white blood cells (lymphocytes) work with the phagocytes in order to identify specific antigens on the surface of microbes before they have a chance of invading the body. The two types of lymphocytes that play a part in maintaining immunity are: B-cells and T-cells. Just like B-cells, T-cells are generated in the bone marrow, but the only difference is that they develop in the thymus. Being cell-mediated, these cells will detect antigens both outside the blood and inside the cells before eliminating them. Whether on the outside or inside the cell, the macrophage will present the antigen directly to the T-cells as its surface receptor for stimulation. Following this stimulation, the T-cell will differentiate into four specialised cells which all work differently to maintain immunity: Memory T-cells= these act in the same manner as the memory B-cells to ensure that when the same antigen comes around it is dealt with quickly. Helper T-cells= these work with B-cells to make antibodies and produce a chemical called: cytokines which enables killer T-cells and macrophages to do their job properly. Killer T-cells= these attach to the antigen and demolish it. Suppressor T-cells= these turn off the whole process to prevent damaging effects of the immune system. Likewise, the B-cells are made and grown in the bone marrow and being antibody-mediated (humoral), they will secrete antibodies as surface receptors to help detect antigens in the blood and outside cells. When the antigens have been detected, the T-helper cells will work with the B-cells to expand into other functional cells known as: plasma cells and memory B-cells. The plasma cells will secrete antibodies which will in turn attach to the antigens making them targets for the macrophages as antigen presenters to take to the T- killer cells in order to be demolished. For memory and recognition, the B memory cells will ensure that when the same antigen pops up it is dealt with quickly. For example, once someone has recovered from chicken pox, next time this antigen wants to attack the memory B-cells will recognise the antigen and will instruct the bodys defence mechanisms to attack the antigen with the required amounts of T-killer cells; therefore the body would have a fast and effective way of dealing with the chicken pox to maintain immunity. Task 3 (D2) In order to protect the body against pathogens, the immune system responds in two different ways: non-specific (innate) and specific (adaptive). This section examines and contrasts the dexterity and adeptness of the role of each defence mechanism. The innate (normal) defences are known as immediate because they act quickly to help prevent any type of microbe from invading the body. Whereas adaptive (adjusted) defences only target specific pathogens and due to their delayed response they have to first examine the pathogens before taking action. Non-specific defences: Firstly, the non-specific defence mechanism fall into two categories the first and second line of defence. The first line of defence is made up of physical and chemical barriers; the second line comes under cellular defences such as: inflammation and phagocytosis. The first line of defence also known as external, can be split up into: skin, mucous membranes, secretions and natural substances such as: lysozymes and saliva. The skin and mucous membranes have different characteristics which allow them to keep the microbes away from the surfaces of the body. The skin consists of a strong outer layer which is made of different cells in particular cells covered in a protein substance called: keratin and tissues such as: connective and epithelial tissues which all come together to prevent any microbe from breaking into the skin. This process is aided by the secreted antibacterial sweat and sebum on the surface of the skin. In the same way, mucous membranes which contain ciliated tissues secrete a thick substance called: mucus. The mucus found in areas such as: the nose and throat (respiratory system) helps manoeuvre the microbes and other un-wanted substances away from external and internal areas of the body. Also, the natural chemical barriers such as: tears and saliva consist of an antibacterial enzyme called: lysozome which chemically destroys the bacteria. If this first line of defence fails to work, the now internal second line of defence will act immediately to prevent further invasion. The process which responds to tissue damage (inflammation) will release chemicals such as: histamine, which is designed to promote (phagocytosis) by attracting macrophages and neutrophils to the surface of inflammation in order to enhance healing by engulfing the microbes. Although, these lines of defence are ideal for the body, the pain, swelling and heat brought about each time can cause discomfort after the microbes have entered the body. Specific defences: In contrast to this, adaptive defences hold the third line of defence to help maintain immunity. These are categorised as specific: cell-mediated and humoral (antibody-mediated) defences. After the non-specific defence has completed its job, the specific immune system takes on the role of finishing it off; the two types of lymphocytes involved in the neutralising and then killing of the invading microbes are: B-cells and T-cells. Both cells mature in the bone marrow, but T-cells normally activate in the thymus gland. With the help of T-cells (T-helper cells), B-cells will automatically identify the invaders and respond by producing two functioning cells: plasma cells and memory B-cells. The plasma cells will make the antibodies which attach to the antigen, encouraging the T-killer cells to come along and cause destruction. These cells secrete a chemical called: cytotoxic which immediately kills the antigen. As a result, the T-suppressor cells which have differentiated from the T-cells will turn off the whole immune response, clearing away the mess to get ready for the next attack. After this, due to their ability to remember the B-memory and T-memory cells will be able to prepare for the next antigen that comes to attack. Despite all the advantages of this defence system, the time it takes to react against the invaders is longer than that of the non-specific defence system which enhances the chances of infection in the body for example: if the body cant fight that specific virus quick enough it might lead to certain symptoms such as: flu. Also the fact that the pathogens are specific gives a delayed reaction against other pathogens. Conclusion: In conclusion, each defence system works in its own unique way. However, in my opinion the effectiveness of non-specific defence mechanisms over weighs that of specific defences. Although the processes involved in non-specific defences cause discomfort to the body, the immediate reaction against invaders is easily stimulated to protect the body against further infection. The fact that this defence system is constantly fighting external attacks from different pathogens shows how strong and effective it is. Whereas specific defences take longer to act and can only react to specific invaders which might lead to a weakened immunity system due to multiple infections in the body.

The Tell-Tale heart Essay -- essays research papers

The behavior of the narrator in The Tell-Tale heart demonstrate characteristic that are associated with people with obsessive-compulsive disorder and paranoid schizophrenia . When Poe wrote this story in 1843 obsessive-compulsive disorder and paranoia had not been discovered. However in modern times the characteristics demonstrated by the narrator leads people to believe that he has a mental illness. Poe’s narrator demonstrates classic signs throughout the story leading the reader to believe that this character is mad   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most psychiatrists believe that when a person suffers from paranoia they most likely have paranoid schizophrenia. According to Frederick Frese chief psychologist at Ohio mental hospital, Paranoid schizophrenia is defined as â€Å" excessive concern about one's own well being, sometimes suggesting the person holds persecutory beliefs concerning a threat to themselves or their property.† Some characteristics are â€Å"confusion; indecision; nervousness, suicidal and homicidal thoughts. People with paranoia tend to believe that they have super sensitive hearing. They hear inanimate object taking to them or voices that don’t exist †Many People with schizophrenia go through periods of getting better and worse. They have remission and relapse. They can go for long periods of time without any symptoms (Frese 13) In the case of Poe’s narrator, he showed symptom of paranoia He believed that his old room mate’s eye was evil.† One of his eyes resemble... The Tell-Tale heart Essay -- essays research papers The behavior of the narrator in The Tell-Tale heart demonstrate characteristic that are associated with people with obsessive-compulsive disorder and paranoid schizophrenia . When Poe wrote this story in 1843 obsessive-compulsive disorder and paranoia had not been discovered. However in modern times the characteristics demonstrated by the narrator leads people to believe that he has a mental illness. Poe’s narrator demonstrates classic signs throughout the story leading the reader to believe that this character is mad   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most psychiatrists believe that when a person suffers from paranoia they most likely have paranoid schizophrenia. According to Frederick Frese chief psychologist at Ohio mental hospital, Paranoid schizophrenia is defined as â€Å" excessive concern about one's own well being, sometimes suggesting the person holds persecutory beliefs concerning a threat to themselves or their property.† Some characteristics are â€Å"confusion; indecision; nervousness, suicidal and homicidal thoughts. People with paranoia tend to believe that they have super sensitive hearing. They hear inanimate object taking to them or voices that don’t exist †Many People with schizophrenia go through periods of getting better and worse. They have remission and relapse. They can go for long periods of time without any symptoms (Frese 13) In the case of Poe’s narrator, he showed symptom of paranoia He believed that his old room mate’s eye was evil.† One of his eyes resemble...

Marketing Plan for Gelato Essay

Executive Summary As the amelioration of living standard, the requirement in quality of life also improved. Accordingly, people do not only satisfy their basic needs, but also seek for a sense of relish. The notice of this Epicureanism enhances the idea of commencing GELATO. GELATO will be the leading ice cream manufacturer and wholesaler in territory 30. GELATO will produce three products for three different segments; family, gourmet and lifestyle. Each product will have different tastes, cream content, packaging†¦etc. Each of these features will be further discussed in this marketing plan. Ice cream is a seasonal product, due to this seasonal impact, GELATO’s marketing mix; the 4Ps (Product, Promotion, Price and Place) will change in different seasons. In general speaking, summer (period 7-9) is our peak season of sales while the others are off peak season. During the peak season, GELATO’s product will change in terms of flavour, scheduled production, packaging and cream content; there will be detailed information in the product part of this marketing plan. In promotion, the sales team size and promotion budget of each segment will change in the peak season, more salesperson and greater promotion budget will be used during the peak season, also different promotion campaign will be used. The third one is Price; the prices of 3 products are not the same, different segments have different purchasing power, for example, family has a relatively low purchasing power when compared to the other two segments (Gourmet and Lifestyle), so the price set for family segment is the lowest. Lastly, Place, in this case is how and where we sell our ice cream. There are two distribution channels, supermarket and specialty stores. In different seasons, the portion of products sells in these two channels will vary as to  maximize the number of sales. It will be further discussed in the later part of this plan. Target Market The target market of GELATO is separated into three main market segments, which are: Ø Family: adults and kids make up this segment; they demand good value for money. Ø Gourmet: young single/couples with no kids, ice-cream is about ego. Ø Lifestyle: older people and younger women, they are watching their diet for one reason or another. Each of these segments has 3 segment varieties, which can have quite different characteristics, different consumption patterns and different product preferences. The family segment Demographics: adults and kids male and female single and couple Geographic: the company is operating in Territory 30 Behaviours: ice-cream would satisfy consumer’s physiological needs and personal needs in this segment. At the beginning, about 60% of total potential sales are from customers in this segment. Consumers in this segment prefer products that offer value for  money, but don’t mind paying a bit more provided the quality is good. However, if the prices get too high, they will quickly move to alternative brands. So the consumers in this segment have strong preferences for lower priced brands of the same or similar quality. Also, consumers in this segment purchase ice-cream for other members of their household including partners and children. This affects these consumers’ decisions regarding package size. Furthermore, children in this segment may have the main impact on the food purchasing behaviours, and children’s need is also the major factor in determining brand selection in a number of product categories. So the promotion campaign and package in this segment may forces on children’s flavours. The gourmet segment Demographics: between 25 and 40 years old male and female double income single with no children Geographic: the company is operating in Territory 30 Behaviours: ice-cream would satisfy consumer’s personal needs in this segment. At the beginning of the simulation, only 10% of total potential sales are from this segment. That means there are few consumers in this segment actually buy ice-cream, those that do are probably quite dissatisfied with what is available. So the company has considerable opportunity to grow actual market size by introducing products that meet this segment’s need. The gourmet segment is very different from the family segment. They are young, and generally have no children, so they have a strong preference for  high quality products and are quite happy to pay premium prices for brand that can deliver this. This segment is most attracted to status products and is more likely to be influences by appeals to their ego rather than basic needs. So the prices in this segment can set in the premium range prices, the promotion campaign and the packaging would more likely to be fashion and feel younger to satisfy young people’s higher level of needs. The lifestyle segment Demographics: over 55 years old, as well as small group of women aged between 25 and 45 male and female restricted income old couple living without children Geographic: the company is operating in Territory 30 Behaviours: ice-cream would satisfy consumer’s personal needs in this segment. At the beginning, this market segment represents about 30% of the total potential sales. In the current years, there are few ice-cream produces on the markets that are designed for this segment, because of there are increasing group of consumer in this segment are more concerned and aware of the implications of diet on their health. Most of there consumers do not buy ice=cream as a consequence, such as they thought ice-cream have high calories and not good for health. The majority of this segment is in the empty nest stage of the lifestyle, children having grown up and left home. So when this subgroup buys ice-cream it is for them, not their children. This segment is most concerned about the  actual product and in particular the fat and sugar content. They want a product that is satisfying but with reduced negative health impacts when compared to standard ice-cream. So the products to satisfy this type of people must be low cream content. Also the promotion campaign and packaging need to make them feel health, and let them to believe that ice-cream is not that bad for health. Objectives Marketing is an opportunity to communicate a vision, foster relationships, build sales and establish an unmistakable brand identity. Success in business requires good planning and a marketing plan is a holistic business tool that defines the product, income objectives, and specific operating procedures necessary to achieve the goal of profitability. Time period: 12 months Measurable objective: Our marketing plan seeks to generate a significant increase in company sales, units sales and market shares. Retained earnings The first mission is trying to achieve positive after tax profit at the end of the first 5 periods. At the end of financial year, the company retained earnings will be expected over $10 millions, and probably achieve target of $13 millions. Unit Sales In the duration of 12 months, the combination product sales unit from three segments targets at 13 millions, with expected sales revenues of $91,000,000.  · The target Unites sales and sales revenues for each segment as below Family Gourmet Lifestyle Total Total Units Sales 3,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 =13,000,000 Total revenue $21,000,000 $42,000,000 $28,000,000 =$91,000,000 Market shares Moreover, as the higher the market shares, represents better performance of GELATO. The final object is to expend the market shares of the company, and the expectation will be increasing market share by 30% in the territory 30 in the duration of 12 months through effective marketing strategies. Non-Measurable objective: Moreover, GELATO also pursues to be environmental-friendly Company. GELATO pursues to be environmental-friendly by using Plastic containers, which can be reused with other purposes when consumers finished the ice-cream consumption. Product The product is the physical product offered to the customer. In the case of physical products, it also refers to any services or conveniences that are part of the offering. Product decisions include aspects such as scheduled production, product strategy, and packaging. Early stage stages (July to November) In the beginning of startup operation, the only one product would launch in  family segment. To begin business operation period 1 to period 3, we scheduled sufficient inventory (325,000 units) to sell in order to avoid overtime cost. However, lots of inventory was left unsold and stored in warehouse, caused over scheduling and increased expense of stocking cost. In the following period GELATO adjusted the scheduled production in family segment. Also, we launched new products to new target segments which are gourmet and lifestyle. During period 5, lots of family segment stocks were left unsold. GELATO stopped scheduled for family segment. As launched new products to new target segment, the stocks for both segment were under scheduled resulted the appearance of overtime cost. Hence, GELATO scheduled 200,000 units which 4 times larger than prior period. Stepped into summer, peak season, GELATO scheduled total stocks of 1,650,000 for 3 segments to handle gradually increase in demand of ice-cream and satisfy customer needs. GELATO scheduled Entering Peak Season (December to January) Period 6 had stepped into the peak season that was the beginning of summer time. GELATO expected the sales would steadily increase demand of ice-cream; we scheduled total 1,650,000 units for 3 segments. The sufficient scheduled production reduced unnecessary operating cost, overtime cost. In the period 7, we scheduled 2,600,000 units for the peak summer seasons. This period was the highest scheduled production in the overall periods. We scheduled the most inventory for the gourmet segment, second is lifestyle, then family segment. Prediction for Period 8 to 12 Prediction in Peak Season (February-March) During period 8 to 9, we predicted that the sales will still remain in the relative high region. GELATO would continue keeping scheduled production for each segment. But, the scheduled production would gradually decrease in each period. Prediction in Off Peak Season (April-June) Coming into off peak, the sales will gradually decrease as ice-cream is a seasonal product. In period 10, our scheduled production will reduce in each target segment. In period 11 and period 12, the planned production will remain unchanged in this low sales season. Product Strategy GELATO delivers market-wanted products to the target market that can be satisfy customers in a variety of dimensions, for instance, flavour, cream content, portion and portion size. To meet our target customer expectation, we continuously carry out consumer taste test research in each segment to monitor the external environment. GELATO will adjust the launch products that meet their new expectation.

The Only Person You Have to Please is You

The Only Person You Have to Please is You Yeah, thats hard for us to swallow sometimes. We write to be read. Eager to please, were like kids asking what are the rules so we can play the game well enough to win. We want people on the sidelines to root for us and tell us how well we did. We want the prize. Along the way, when times are rough, we remind ourselves that we are our best and worst critic. We might even say we only have to please ourselves, but we dont mean it. We get sad. Sometimes we cry. A few get mad and bash the publishing world as an evil, heartless machine that gobbles up the good and spits on the rest, stomping out the soul of art. But in the end, when were alone in our room staring at a screen that wont produce the right words, we have to face the fact we write for ourselves first, foremost, and last. Without our own love infused into our stories, they read dry. And to give love to something means to sacrifice and take risks. Remember, love can be unrequited. Many things we do in our lives we do for self-pleasure. While its a joy to be complimented for our efforts, the bottom line is we shouldnt perform without enjoying the experience of the performance. When you do, you shortchange the audience. Write a story that makes you smile, cry, or feel proud. Be truthful with yourself when trying to make it your best. Be thrilled when others enjoy the experience you worked so hard to produce, but try not to measure your success on the judgment of others. While its tempting to beg for the judgment, and shoved in our faces that success comes in terms of sales to others, nothing we do gets off the ground written in a vacuum with only an Amazon ranking representing the goal. Its like finding a friend. Not everyone likes you, and you dont like everyone. Only certain people connect with who you are. You have to be the best you to be the best for someone else. Without pleasing yourself first, you lose all hope of pleasing others. Have fun writing.

Mirror Lab Essays

Mirror Lab Essays Mirror Lab Paper Mirror Lab Paper Mirror Lab BY viiU523 One air inhalation hazard I observed during the Mirror Lab tour was for rhodite 906. In a large open room and workspace, the mirror lab utilized rhodite frequently to polish large new mirrors. This is concerning because this is a hazardous dust particle with its particle size at about 1. 5 micrometers. The movement of these particles are heighted by water mist placed above the mirror to keep the rhodite from solidifying. The employees also sprayed down the mirror frequently which further caused these particles to move around. When we were walking beneath and to the side of the mirror, orange rhodite compound could be seen on the sides of the mirror as well as the ground. The employers Job was to make sure the mirror was properly and consistently being polished. This definitely can poise a threat and safety risks to the workers. As a risk assessor, it is essential to decrease exposure and limit the spread of rhodite 906. Hazardous chemicals such as rhodite can cause harm when they enter the body in sufficient amounts via inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption. The ature of the chemical hazard and the routes by which it enters determine the controls needed. Unfortunately, I did not observe such controls in the workplace. There were no material safety data sheets visible or chemical hazard warnings. The employer simply wore a lab coat while visitors were only asked to wear closed toed shoes. There were no guidelines, PEL, or TLVs given by OSHA. However, the material safety date(which should be posted) explains that it can cause irritation of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Moreover, compounds that it has such as cerium ave low toxicity. People can come into contact most easily by inhalation. In order to quantify the amount of air exposure, I would employ biological monitoring for the employers who monitor the polishing. The levels of chemicals in the body can sometimes be measured in the blood, urine, or exhaled air. The results would provide an estimate of the actual dose absorbed into the body. The MSDS lists ingredients in the rhodite we could monitor such as lanthanum fluoride, cerium fluoride, praseodymium fluoride, and kaolin. As a risk assessor student I would uggest controls such as safety glasses with side-shields used by employers and visitors alike. Engineering controls would include a local exhaust ventilation to control dust exposure without compromising the polishing ability. For skin protection, I would enforce those who have had contact to was their hands afterwards. Systems should also ensure that work wear does not become contaminated with dust, which would be carried away from the work area into mess rooms or other areas. Although the engineering controls may be less feasible, the other controls are a matter of dministrative enforcement and selling the importance of these safety measures to all employees of the mirror lab. One of the physical hazards I observed during the mirror lab tour was with noise levels. Those noise concerns ranged from the air cart, generator, and machine shop. The machine shop in particular concerned me with all the overlapping sounds. Many of the tools utilized such as the machines used to cut the mirrors created active levels of sounds. They had decibals exceeding 100dbl. The workplace was in a some air ventilation and air flow. Ear and eye protection were also provided. This does not bold well when compared to OSHAs permissible exposure limit which is 90 dBA for an 8 hour TWA. Because noise levels can cause hearing loss, OSHA requires employers to have a hearing conservation program in place if workers are exposed to a time-weighted average noise level of 85 dBA or higher over an 8 hour work shift. According to the presentation in class, some machines alone exceed 100 dBA. Using a sound level meter attached to employees, I would monitor the noise levels generated y various pieces of lab equipment to identify equipment that has excessive noise levels to verify these measurements. When equipment exceeds these limits(which according to our presentation, it did), it is important to manipulate engineering controls, posting of warning signs, and hearing protection options. I personally observed several warning signs and MSDS provided by the employer. Moreover, I saw several hearing protection devices available to employees. To improve on the conditions, I would move noise-producing equipment such as freezers into another oom. Moreover, the mirror lab could place compressors for controlled-temperature rooms in a remote location. Finally, I would provide acoustical treatment on ceilings and walls. Because there are equipment that exceed the 85 dBA set by OSHA, it is extremely important for employers to moniter the amount of time a person can be exposed in the machine shop. Although the standard is an 8 hour shift, if employees are always around the sound-exceeding machines, the amount of time a person can be exposed is cut by more than half.

History and Revolutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History and Revolutions - Essay Example Historical events, properly understood, should therefore enlighten not only in terms of the chronology of particular events, but on the impact a particular event had both in the local history of a particular society, and the wider world history of the human race. Revolutions, like other historical phenomenon, are no different. As John Gates suggests, given the countless studies and surveys regarding revolutions, a proper historical understanding of the phenomenon assumes that revolutions "evolve[s] over time, changing as a result of changes in the political, social, and economic circumstances" in which they develop in, must be fully understood (1986, p. 535). Thus, in illustrating the historical importance of revolutions, this essay will argue that revolutions, as an historical phenomenon, is a crucial process that contributed to the emergence and consolidation of the modern world by altering a society's political, economic, and social structures at the local level, and consequently introducing new ideas, institutions, and ideals for the world in the international level. Revolutions have always been associated with change. According to Huntington1, (1968) it is a modernizing concept resulting to political modernization and development (p. 265). He argues that they are most likely to occur in societies that experienced "some social and economic development" where "political modernization and political development have lagged behind the processes of social and economic change," limiting the phenomenon to transitional states, which are neither highly traditional nor highly modern (Huntington, 1968, p. 265). Thus, Huntington makes the distinction between Western revolutions in France and Russia from Eastern revolutions in China and Vietnam based on the type of old regimes. On the other hand, in Barrington Moore's Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, he distinguishes between three types of modernization processes2 different societies underwent through revolutions (Zagorin, 1973, pp. 39-40). Both typologies present an important aspect of revolutions - they presented revolutions in light of the modernizing process it is part of. As both scholars argue, revolutions bring about modernization, however, the degree and type of modernization and development following a revolution are contingent on the type of regime preceding it and the manner that the revolution took place. Thus, Moore situates revolutions as a "decisive point of conflict" in the historical process that yields important systemic consequences determining the type of institutions that emerge after the revolutionary stage (Zagorin, 1973, p. 40). This concept of revolution echoes the proper historical understanding of revolutions through time. By treating revolutions as more than just a separate event at some point in time, but as a point within the continuum of world history, a better understanding of the phenomenon's larger historical value is achieved. In this case, "the significance of the French revolution in world history lies in its having with a powerful blast cleared the way for a new era in the life of continental Europe" (Elbaki, 1976, p. 218). Considering the immediate outcomes of the French revolution of 1789 one can see minimal improvements in the industrial and

Crjs410 U5DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Crjs410 U5DB - Research Paper Example The fact that that most of the terrorists who were linked to the September 11 terror attack were Muslims lead to a non- Muslim community to view Muslims as synonymous to evil and a people who cannot be trusted. The non –Muslim community supported policy changes allowing torture. Security procedures to spy on Muslims were also put in place (Morrow, 2014). Interfaith Summits and campaigns such as† Shoulder to shoulder: Standing with American Muslims† have been launched to fight against anti-Muslim mentality. Leaders have publicly condemned religious intolerance, and there has been prosecution of the perpetrators. Unitas community needs to employ these strategies in order to assure the Muslim community of their security and to promote tolerance (Morrow, 2014). Hate crimes statutes are laws enacted to deter bias-motivated violence. The statue’s goals are to deter prejudice, to condemn racism, religious intolerance and homophobia and to condemn any other criminal conduct (Hrw.org., 2014). The perpetrators of anti-Muslim bigotry believe that their actions have community support. In order to prove wrong this belief, both to the perpetrators and to the community, the Unitas incidence should be prosecuted as a hate crime and not as any other civil wrong (Hrw.org, 2014). Morrow, T. (2014). Campaign to address anti-Muslim sentiments - National Religious Campaigns against Torture. Nrcat.org. Retrieved from

Radiography Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Radiography Skills - Essay Example In addition, this distance is important in bringing sharper images and details of the delicate structures of the lungs. While doing the radiographic image of the body chest, an oblique sternum in the LAO position is not preferred. This is because oblique sternum position is only about 15o and opens the body joint at a very close angle to with the image receptor and also projects the sternum onto the right as opposed to left positioning recommended. Oblique sternum positioning of the LOA therefore fails to demonstrate the best axillary portions of the body ribs and instead, an AP oblique projection is preferred (Ramlaul, 2010). While doing abdominal radiography, the filming must include diaphragms as it demonstrates fluid and free air levels. Chest must be included in the acute abdomen examination because it has muscles that are of great radiologic significance. Different chest X-rays imaging are preferred for expiration and inspiration. In particular, for an inspiration, posteroanterior (PA), a form of portable chest x-ray is preferred as it exposes the crowded inspiration organs, while AP form of chest X-ray is commonly used for expiration (Ramlaul,

Codon bias in E. Coli Essay Example for Free

Codon bias in E. Coli Essay The nature of the gene codon varies among organisms. Codon preferences have been considered on the perspectives of translational efficiency and fidelity and the selective and non selective biases operating during DNA transcription replication and repair processes. Variations in tRNA on codon bias of highly expressed genes during rapid growth phase of E. coli exist. Codon selectivity is influenced by codon/anticodon interaction strength, site specific codon biases, time of replication, codon context, or evolutional age. Codon preferences among gene classes in E. coli are grouped according to the following comparisons; correlation of codon biases with level of gene expression, organisation of genome according to genome partitions based on size, codons use for genes characterized by function and cellular localization of gene products, gene size, comparisons that divide all genes by similarity of codon usage or amino acid usage or similarity of a reduced set of amino acid or codons and characterization of alien genes. The Codon Adaptation Index (CIA) is a qualitative measure for assessing codon bias. Ribosomal protein (RP) genes and membrane genes are genes that are highly expressed during fast growth and CIA and codon bias (CB) values are inversely correlated with respect to RP genes. Most ribosomal proteins are highly expressed during the E. coli exponential growth phase during which most genes facilitating translation are highly expressed. Codon preferences differ among highly expressed genes relative to the average gene for certain amino acid types, especially disparities for alanine, aspartine, histidine, isoleucine, phenealanine, threonine and valine. There is a high correlation between optimal codons and level of gene expression. In relation to E. coli genes, codon biases generally increase with increasing protein molecular weight abundance. Codon usage differences generally decrease with respect to protein molecular abundance when compared to RP. Negative correlation in the degree of protein molar abundance relative to tRN genes or other sub classes of the translation functional category is not evident. The molar abundance and codon usage differences unequivocally correlate negatively with the RP gene family and positively with the average E. coli gene respectively. The E. coli genome is homogeneous with relatively weak codon biases among the genes distributed over the genome. Codon bias does not depend on timing in the replication cycle except near the ter region. The deviation in codon usage from RP and tRN genes is most emphatic at ter region. Relative codon usage bias among 5’ middle and 3’ parts of genes in E.coli show that the middle and the last third of genes are more similar in codon usage than either is to the initial third of the gene. There also exists a difference in the frequencies of 3 G+C near the oriC than near the ter region. Different bacterial genomes display variation in their overall G and C content, attributed to varying mutational mechanisms and processes. For eukaryotic genomes site 3 G+C frequencies decrease with increasing gene length. Alien genes are characterized in terms of extreme codon bias relative to average E.coli genes and high relative to RPs. These genes are of unknown function and are either GC rich or AT rich. Extremes in codon bias are for identifying pathogenicity islands and developing gene classes reflecting difference expression levels in untypical events. When the genome is divided into contigs, gene classes and dicodon bias is most pronounced between the gene classes of the region about the oriC versus the ter region. Dicodon bias increases with gene size and compared to the average gene dicodon biases are constant throughout the genome. When genes are divided into thirds, the dicodon biases of the 5’ third, middle third . 3’ third parts of genes are similar though level of bias is about twice that of straight codon bias. Codon and dicodon bias correlations for E. coli genes were evaluated for level of expression, contrast along genes, size of contigs around genome and gene size classes. Explanations for codon bias have involved combinations of selection and mutational pressures. The RPs and amminoacyl tRNA synthetases are highly expressed gene classes during exponential growth of E.coli. Codon biases for RP genes are much more extreme than for tRN genes. The greater the abundance a gene product, the more its codon usage resembles hat of RPs, but this is not the case for comparisons to tRN genes or protein genes essential to translational activities. For gene classes RP and tRN, the source of codon bias differs significantly. RP are among the most deviant from the average E. coli gene. It is suggested that codon usage and tRNA abundance are correlated for highly expressed genes to match substrate levels with cellular demands. Hence RP genes which are small single domain proteins show high codon usage correlation with overall E. coli codon usage and tRNA do not show this bias although they are highly expressed. The middle and final 3? end of genes entail the same levels of codon biases. The rare codon hypothesis for domains and secondary structures argues that the use of repetitive rare codons might reduce translational rate and induce translation pauses allowing protein domains and suitable secondary structures to fold into native structural conformation. There are differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic translational mechanisms. These differences may be important in translation initiation or early stages of translation. Highly biased slowly translated codon pairs are more closely correlated with levels of expression than with protein length. Understanding basis of codon usage is of interest with respect to fundamental evolutionary questions, gene prediction, gene classification and design of optimal expression vectors. Codon usage programs are essential for gene finding and analysis of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes.

Motivational Factors of the Public Sector

Motivational Factors of the Public Sector The idea that money motivates people to work is a much disputed subject with many differing theories. It is an imperative reality that companies must have a firm awareness of how to motivate their employees in order to encourage the acceptance of organisational goals (Kleinbeck et al. 1990).The range of contradictory research makes it difficult for companies to decide upon one effective way of motivating employees. Mullins (2007) describes how there are two methods of motivation extrinsic and intrinsic. Money is an extrinsic motivator as it is a tangible reward, whereas motivators such as recognition and achievement are intrinsic and offer intangible psychological rewards (Mullins,2007). Theories on motivation often focus on either intrinsic or extrinsic motivation and do not speculate on the effect of a mix of these motivational methods. Taylors (2003) rational economic concept of motivation is based upon the principle that staff are mostly motivated by money due to their economic needs. In contrast, Kusin (2005, p.76) argues that work is about letting people know they are important and recognition, can sometimes be more important than money. This argument is supported by theorists such as Maslow, Alderfer and Herzberg. Many theories discuss whether or not employees are motivated by money but there is no extensive regarding the extent to which money motivates employees and the differing motivational impact it has on people working in different sectors. It would therefore be beneficial to conduct a research project into the extent to which money motivates employees and if this differs between sectors. This research could help organisations to follow a basic model which would suit their sector, aims and objectives. Conducting research into public sector employees such as nurses and teachers will allow me to see if motivational factors are different to those employees working within a purely profit driven organisation. It is important to conduct the research on the identified subject (employees) through the correct medium in order to achieve accurate results. Stockport Removals and Storage Limited is a small/medium sized company operating within the North West. They have agreed to participate within the research project providing research on employees working within a profit making, private company. The company has been operating for 20 years and has a number of long serving employees as well as recently recruited staff. This will allow research to be conducted across a range of employee contract types in order to see the variety of factors which motivate employees. Stockport Removals offer remuneration in line with competitors within the area as well as providing overtime and bonus schemes. The midwifery department in Stepping Hill Hospital NHS have also offered to take part in the study in order to offer an insight into motivational factors within a public sector company. Remuneration within the public sector is a much discussed subject within the media. The NHS have recently made plans to make 35,000 (employees) redundant unless staff accept a pay deal that will see them lose up to several thousand pounds a year (Observer, 2010). This makes NHS workers a particularly effective source of research as pay and motivation will be at the forefront of operations at such a time. Comparisons in research between public and private sector organisational motivation will help to see if remuneration motivates every employee to the same extent regardless of job type of sector of the organisation. Literature Review Reviewing current literature that is available on motivational ideas, can help to gain background information on the subject and acquire a further understanding of the studies and theories already published. This will demonstrate the research gaps in current information on motivation and remuneration. There are arguments for and against the idea that employee motivation is enhanced through remuneration. Taylor discussed the theory of motivation within his Scientific Management model. Within this model, the term maximum prosperity is key when understanding his suggested link between motivation and money. Taylor (1998) argues that the interest of both the company and the employee are maximum prosperity and in order to create wealth for the company, a worker must be given what he most wants high wages. When a business provides maximum prosperity for employees, the employee will not only become motivated through remuneration, but the process will result in the development of each man to his state of maximum efficiency which will in turn create an affluent firm. (Taylor 1998, p.1.) Lawler (1971, p128.) supports Taylors theory as he believes that individual incentive plans typically lead to substantial increases in productivity. Although it could be argued that some research shows that job performance can be improved through remuneration, the significance of motivation cannot be assumed. (Kelly, 1982). A main drawback for money being the sole motivator is that the scientific management theory had an overly simplified view of motivation (Taylor 2003, p.5.) only focusing on one aspect of motivation the tangible benefits given to employees. It also does not take into account other intrinsic factors that could be improving motivation within any studies. Despite Taylors argument, there is much literature that documents the findings that money is not a motivator. It is clear that employers benefit from a motivated work force, and it is therefore important to provide the correct methods of motivation to employees. Saunders (2003, p.75.) argues that the benefits that people want depend on their individual circumstances. Management Today have reviewed that it is time for companies to circum to the realisation that money is no longer an effective way of motivating a workforce (Management Today, 2003). People are now motivated by less easily defined needs than money, such as psychological work factors. Saunders explains how once basic money needs are satisfied, they act as little motivation for the majority of a work force. Employees gain more satisfaction and motivation from intrinsic benefits such as job satisfaction, enjoyment and feeling part of a social group. These factors are not only beneficial to employees, but are welcomed by com panies as they are cheap in comparison to economic incentives. Saunders also believes that managers would be better off investing time in employees in order to get the bases of the psychological benefits in place rather than investing in monetary rewards (Saunders, 2003). The Chartered Management Institute conducted The Business Energy Survey:2005 in which they examined motivation levels within organisations, and what factors are most influential in motivating staff. Their key findings were that professional and individual development are much higher level motivators than money and financial rewards to employees. The most highly ranked motivation factor was a sense of purpose in work in contrast to one of the lowest ranking factors being performance related rewards and incentives. Cook and Jackson (2005) conclude that intrinsic rewards such as challenge and sense of achievement outweigh factors such as remuneration and financial rewards when trying to motivate employees. Many elements of these arguments are also included in theorist models. Models of Motivation There are many concepts surrounding motivation in the workplace. Motivation theories and models such as Herzbergs Two Factor Theory and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs give a greater insight into the factors which encourage motivation. Maslow turned attention away from economic benefits and to the human nature and the psychological side of motivation. According to Maslow human motivation is a complex matter governed as it is by a hierarchy of needs(Bennaars 1993, p.81). A further insight into motivation is evident in Maslows Hierarchy of Needs model. Maslows model has been a widely used paradigm in business (Maslow 1987, p.12). Maslow used a framework in which needs are arranged in stages, in order of importance often documented as a pyramid of needs. Basic needs were described as physiological needs. Leavitt (1988, p.20) describes these physiological needs as the the starting point for motivation. When relating to Maslows intended use for the motivation theory human psychology, they are needs such as hunger, thirst, shelter and a need for oxygen. In theory, laws will protect employees from the lack of these and ensure that in the workplace, physiological needs are satisfied through legislation such as Health and Safety at Work Act (1974). If these basic needs are not satisfied however, then more advanced needs would become irrelevant as desire for psychological needs would dominate. The next stage within the motivation pyramid is safety needs which are concerned with safety, job security, and the need for order. It is evident that people prefer a safe, orderly, predictable, organized world (Steers and Porter 1991, p.201) which can be related to the workplace. Once this has been satisfied, the next motivator is love needs. These needs are associated to social interaction and can be satisfied through cohesive work groups, friendly supervision, and professional associations. The next need to be satisfied after love would be esteem. People within our society have a desire for a stable, firmly based, high evaluation of themselves for self respect (Maslow 1964, p.183). Steers and Porter (1991) describe how when relating esteem needs to organisational factors, they would translate as achieving social recognition, having a impressive job title and working within a high status job. The final stage of the model is self actualisation. This is concerned with the self development and realisation of ones potential. The rewards of this would be growth, progression and creativeness through a demanding job and achievement within an organisation. Leavitt (1988, p.28.) described this as achieving the desire to become everything that one is capable of becoming. Once a lower need is satisfied, it no longer acts a motivator and therefore employees will strive to be motivated by the next level (Mullins, 2007). Management Todays Andrew Saunders is an advocate for the Maslow Theory and claims that his theory remains watertight despite the model being over 60 years old (Saunders 2003, p.75 ). A clear drawback for relating Maslows Hierarchy of Needs to motivation in the workplace is that his research and theories were not originally intended for use within a corporate environment. We therefore rely on assumptions of interpretations of his model. After further research, Wahba and Bridgewell (1976, pp.212-140) found no clear evidence for Maslows proposition except with regard to self-actualization. Herzbergs Two Factor Theory is based upon the idea that there are two aspects which have an influence upon motivation hygiene factors and motivator factors. Hygiene factors must be in place in organisational environments for the prevention of dissatisfaction(Herzberg 1993, p.16). These factors include environmental motivators such as salary, working conditions, job security and interpersonal relationships. Herzberg goes onto describe how the second factor, motivator factors, are the aspects that motivate employees. These factors include psychological rewards such as a sense of achievement, recognition, responsibility and personal growth. It is argued that companies emphasis should be on the strengthening of motivatorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ hygiene is not enough (Herzberg 1993, p.132). In effect, this raises the issue that remuneration is in fact an element that could dissatisfy employees if it is not present, and that money rewards and payment is not enough to motivate employees alone. Critics of Herzbergs model claim that the theory only applies to unskilled, repetitive jobs and the methodology of collecting results and interpreting the data, resulted in bias findings (Mullins, 2007). Despite the criticisms of the theory has had a considerable effect on the rewards and remuneration packages offered by corporations (Crainer and Dearlove 2001. p. 361) Similarities can be drawn from reviewing Herzberg and Maslows models of motivation. Neither model uses remuneration as a high level motivator. Herzberg argues that salary is a hygiene factor and will de-motivate employees if it is not present. Pay therefore does have a correlation between motivation and job satisfaction but is not a key element in achieving high levels of employee motivation as growth factors are more influential. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs also has remuneration as a basic need in which pay is necessary in order to prevent dissatisfaction and motivates at lower levels in the short term but is not a high level motivator once satisfied. There is a distinct lack of academic sources, information and research relating to motivation within public sector work forces. It is important to consider that managing people continues to be essential to performance in public organisations. It is argued that in the public sector, there is a conflict between employees fulfilling organisational goals, and employees fulfilling their right to self-expression. This possibly decreases motivation in the workplace (Kearney and Berman 1999, p.2). My research would be beneficial in order to see if public sector workers have separate motivational factors to private sector workers. To summarise, is it clear that money is an ambiguous subject in the discussion of motivation. It is considered within many theories, however it can be argued that to what extent and how important it is depends upon employees personal circumstances and the other satisfactions they derive from work. (Mullins 2007, p255). The main problems with the current literature are that they often focus solely on one area of motivation extrinsic motivation or intrinsic motivation. Theories also contradict each other and make it difficult to derive a definitive answer as to when/if/how money motivates and to what extent. Further research is necessary in order to discover if money is an influential motivational factor in all sectors within the workplace. Research Design In order to solve the research problem effectively and gain the correct information for analysis it is important to choose between a quantitative research method and qualitative. Qualitative research is used to investigate attitudes, beliefs and experiences whereas quantitative research will generate statistics and numerical information (Dawson, 2006). As this research proposal wishes to explore to what extent employees are motivated by money, a qualitative approach would produce the most effective data. It is proposed to conduct two case studies on employees within a private business (Stockport Removals) and employees working within the public sector (NHS staff). Interviews will be used as the method of gathering data on to the extent which remuneration effects employee motivation in the public and private sector. 10 employees from each organisation will take part in the research. This figure has been taken as resources do not allow the entire business population to be interviewed although multiple interviews need to take place to ensure reliability of results. I will use a semi structured interview technique as I wish to gain specific information and ask certain questions to every interviewee whilst allowing room for elaboration on certain topics. This will allow me to gain a more in depth insight into the employees views and analyse data effectively. I can then evaluate responses of employees working in the public sector in comparison to employees working with the private employees to draw conclusions. This style has been chosen as an unstructured interview would collect lots of irrelevant data which would then make data analysis difficult to conduct. A structured interview would produce quantitative data which is not relevant to the research problem as motivation is such a personal, emotive subject. Asking open ended questions will help to gain an insight into employees feelings and beliefs and therefore quantitative data methods would not be functional. Appendix 1 shows the interview structure to be used. These questions are mainly open ended and allow for the interviewee to give a more in depth and personal account of motivation. The initial question allows the researcher to establish if the candidate is motivated in their current working position. This is essential as if they are not motivated in their work, then they will not be able to give full explanation as to what motivates them in their current role. The second question explores the factors that motivate the employee aside from motivation. This question aims to see if members of the organisations are motivated by intrinsic factors when disregarding payment schemes. This is important in order to establish the main aim of to what extent motivation is related to remuneration. Question four and five on the interview schedule (Appendix 1) help to evaluate the current motivational theories and models already published (Maslow and Herzberg) and see if the interviewees feel that the areas and factors within them are relevant to their personal motivation. This may also help issues arise that are not covered within the models in the literature. Further questions include topics on intrinsic motivation. It is important to establish to what extent interviewees are motivated by intrinsic factors in order to compare with the extrinsic factor of motivation. If candidates are more motivated by intrinsic factors such as praise and recognition then they may be less motivated by financial payments. Question eight asks whether the company values motivate the employee. This is an essential question in order to establish the difference between motivational factors in the public sector and the private sector. The final questions help to establish whether motivation changes with the length of services as some literature states that members may initially enter a career for remuneration factors but are motivated by different intrinsic factors once established in the role. Appendix 1s interview questions help to establish the extent to which motivation is influenced by remuneration, and evaluate the current strategies that are used for motivation (eg Maslow and Herzberg) for effectiveness. This will help to see if there are any other main factors in aiding motivation. To ensure that the interviews are consistent and structure, I will develop an interview schedule detailing the topics and questions to be covered (Appendix 1). This will ensure that I have no leading questions and will prevent interviewees from digressing from the topic area. It will help to add focus to the interviewer. Questions will be asked such as what makes you feel motivated at work using elements of theories to explain points and gain an insight into whether employees are motivated by extrinsic or intrinsic factors. A tape recorder will be used in order to collect the data whilst enabling eye contact and positive body language to be maintained with the interviewee. It is important that the method of recording does not alter the rapport I build with the interviewee as some methods can make the subject feel uncomfortable. Recording the interview will make data analysis easier as the interaction between researcher and interviewee can be recorded and analysed at a later date. (Dawson, 2006). I will however, have to ensure that equipment is operational as relying on technology can often result in mishaps. Interviewees may also become nervous of the tape recorder thus producing an emotional barrier. In order to overcome any potential problems with the methods of recording data I may take some notes of important topics and points drawn through research throughout the interview. This will produce a backup in case there are technical difficulties and data is omitted. Ensuring eye contact is kept with the interviewee is essential to keep them engaged and to prevent an interpersonal barrier. In order to conduct interviews, research candidates must be chosen. Sampling is required as it is unrealistic and impractical to interview all members of staff within the organisations that have agreed to participate in the study. The sample chosen needs to be large enough to create reliable results using the resources available and give a representation of all members of staff at that specific level in the hierarchy. In order to make a sample from the business population I will use a probability sampling method called stratified sampling. This will involve dividing the population (of the organisations) into groups based upon characteristics. The key characteristics of the employees I wish to interview are; they must be working on a permanent basis, at a non managerial level, working for remuneration. The advantage of stratified sampling is that it will ensure that results are representative of the people within the whole of the criteria population. Despite stratified sampling being used, resources do not allow us to interview all of the people that fit the sample criteria, as this would be 20 people within the private sector business and 32 within the public sector organisation. This uneven sample size would result in inaccurate data being retrieved. Sample sizes should be the same in order to make truthful comparisons. Simple random sampling could then be used in order to narrow down the interviewees further. This method means that each member of the current population has an equal chance of being chosen (Bryman and Bell, 2007). This can be used as employees within the remaining population already fit the characteristic required of the research project. All employees within the sample will be on the same level of the hierarchy and managers will not be included in the study in order to ensure that there is little sample error as peoples motivation may change as they are promoted up the hierarchy. Rapport is a type of relationship in which trust and mutual respect is built. During data collection it is argued that building a rapport is essential in order to encourage the interviewee to participate in the interview and feel relaxed to give quality answers (Bryman and Bell, 2007). Through conducting research, Toma (2000) found that rapport helped to give interview candidates more of an understanding of the question and enhanced the relevance and quality of answers. I will try to build rapport by delivering questions and avoiding the use of jargon so the research subject does not feel uneasy or intimidated by language used. I will also maintain eye contact and ensure that candidates know that the questions are for research purposes and will not affect their employment positions or be forwarded to managers or senior members of staff. Anthropologist Roslie Wax (1971) as cited in Marshall and Rossman (2011) highlighted the importance of establishing a relationship with the research study subjects and used methods to demonstrate flexibility and trust between researcher and interviewee. It is, however, possible to have too much rapport as well as too little (Seidman, 1998) in order to achieve accurate non bias results therefore I will try to strike a balance between these roles. Data Analysis Once data is collected, to effectively identify the extent to which remuneration has an impact on employee motivation and evaluate if current motivational strategies in literature are contributory factors to motivation in the workplace, the findings from data collection and research will be analyzed. Based on this analysis, conclusions can be made as to whether money is a motivator and recommendations can be made as to how to motivate employees to improve productivity and job satisfaction. It is important to have a planned strategy in place to analyze findings as leaving all the data collected to the end will make analysis more difficult as it can be over facing and the researcher may loose track of the themes and findings within each interview. Maxwell (2005) argues that an effective qualitative researcher will instigate data analysis after each interview. During this research process data analysis will be an ongoing method throughout both the data collection process and as a final assembly at the end of data collection. Analysis will not be left purely to content analysis after collection. In order to continually analyze the data collected, interview summary forms will be used for data analysis at the end of each interview (Appendix 2). Appendix 2, is based upon the model of Dawson (2006, p113). These forms help researchers gain a firmer understanding of the responses and aid knowledge when trying to draw on final conclusions. Heinrich (1984) used a similar method when conducting his research project on biological data. He analysed data on the same day as collection and believed that this helped to track progress and built up the data analysis through the collection. Analysis on interview summary forms from early interviews may result in topics and issues arising that were not foreseen. This will then allow the researcher to analyse this information and include it in the next subsequent interviews in order to receive the most in depth and relevant information possible. Qualitative data analysis is an individual process and different researchers may derive different conclusions from the same information (Dawson 2005, p.111). In order to ensure relevant information is analysed, content analysis will be used at the end of the data collection process. This will help to reflect on the interview summary forms and use the data collected in order to make sense of the information. In order to analyse the data, coding will be used. Coding is analysis through segmenting and reassembling of the data, aiming to transform the data into conclusions and understanding (Boeije 2009, p.94.). The initial stage in content analysis is gaining understanding of the documentation created (interview summary forms) and data collected. All documentation will be reread and the tape recorded interviews will be listened to in order to recap on the research conducted and gain a firm perceptive of the research data. The question, research problem and objectives should be reread in order to maintain focus on answering the research proposal and drawing relevant information. Through listening to the tape recordings and reading the documentation, notes can be made to draw out frequently occuring topics. This is the segmentation of the data (a concept within open coding) by looking for themes that derive from the interviews. I will highlight important topics and be aware of the frequency of words, phrases or incidents that the candidates discuss. The topics that are uncovered can then be used in comparison with current motivational theories such as Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Herzbergs Two Factor Theory in order to see if our research shows a similar link between remuneration and motivation findings. The research findings may contradict or support a particular theory within literature and the research hopes to draw conclusions to clarify effective motivational factors. This is being conducted in order to overcome the conflicting literature. It is also important to check that the sample has achieved sufficient relevant research responses. If analysis doesnt uncover relevant responses to the aim of the research proposal then further sampling and research may need to be carried out. Uncovering themes or codes can then help to draw upon findings and aid in the effective analysis of data. Anticipated Problems There are problems and risks that can be anticipated when conducting research with people and within companies. Firstly, the research method must be correct. As we are using a semi structured interview, the disadvantages of this method need to be highlighted. The main disadvantage of this interview technique is the time that it takes to conduct and the data analysis. Data analysis can be difficult due to the extent of the responses within each interview question. Relevant information must be sifted out ensuring that no interviewer bias is added. This could also cause problems with the organisation as the opportunity costs of the time it takes to interview employees must be taken into account. Whilst employees are conducting the research interview, they are not carrying out their employment tasks and responsibilities which could cause friction between the employee, employer and the researcher. Displeasing the employer could have detrimental effects on the interview process as this could result in bias information or termination of the research project all together. This should be avoided by ensuring the employers are made fully aware of the intensions of the interview and that the interviews will be conducted as time efficiently as possible. A further concern would be that the organisations could influence employees answers by briefing them to ensure they do not reveal certain information about the company. This would also bias results and not capture employees in a comfortable position to open up. This will be avoided by choosing employees at random and ensuring that organisations are aware that the information found will not be publicized in order to scrutinize the brand or image of the business. The drawback of researching with private sector employees from one company and public sector employees from one organisation is that they may not be representative of the entire population of workers within each sector. If this surfaced as a problem, then one could increase the sample size to research further into different sizes and types of public and private sector businesses. The sample size needs to be large enough to get enough relevant data as the larger the sample, the more accurate the data is of the population. However, it is unrealistic to choose the whole population of private and public sector workers as there would be too much information which would then be difficult to code and analyse. The sample size needs to be manageable to prevent information over load and ensure that the topic is at the heart of the data found. This problem had been overcome by using a sample size of 10 employees within each organisation being researched. During the interview process, there will be a conscious effort to ensure that no barriers will impact on the reliability and validity of the findings. Physical barriers will be avoided by allowing the interviewee to have the interview conducted where they feel most comfortable. Psychological barriers will be avoided by ensuring that interviewees are not overloaded with information and jargon isnt used for they feel relaxed. Avoiding these barriers will aid effective communication and ensure that rapport is built between researcher and interview candidate. This rapport will help interviewees to open up and give detailed and accurate information on the personal topic of motivation. Ethical Considerations When conducting research with the public, ethical issues can often arise. There are many factors to take into account in order to ensure no harm is done to the organisation, the participants are employed by the organisation and myself as the researcher. Firstly, the research will be conducted overtly as all participants will be informed of the purpose of the research and no form of under cover observation will be conducted. I will ensure that all members of the participating sample give full consent to taking part and will provide a Code of Ethics in order to document how the information will be used, and how they will be protected. Privacy, confidentiality and anonymity is essential during this research proposal as it is preferred that the candidates feel at ease and open about their feelings on the subject. I believe that if participants feel that the information they