Annotated bibliographies for 3 journal articles Bibliography

Bibliographies for 3 journal articles - Annotated Bibliography ExampleAnnotated bibliographies for 3 journal articlesIt is time that we imply a look at some of the old mixer issues that still continue to plague us, in a have it awayly new perspective, in order to solve the problem once and for all.This article by Castle gives us an insight into the world of forced migration and the effects that it may have had on the social changes that we see around us today. Forced migration may arise from displacements owing to ongoing wars, environmental disasters, failed states, or, tied(p) from developmental projects, which causes displacement of many a(prenominal) people (mainly the poor and ethnic people), and illegal trafficking of men for bonded labour, and women and child for bring up exploitation. Such forced migration which had seen an upward surge after the end of the Cold War, has remarkably changed the social demographics of many countries (in the northern hemisphere) in the twe ntieth century. A large number of immigrating crowds have led to a complete change in the sociological conditions in those host countries. The author in the article explores the main reasons backside these sudden immigrations, which has causes such huge changes in the social demographics, in the northern part of the world.The article does a close review of the topic of social transformation that we are seeing today in this globalised world, and cogitate it to the issue of forced migration, which had showed a sudden spurt after the end of Cold War in 1991, with the breakdown of the then USSR, resulting in the supreme reign of USA as the world power.

CLEOPATRA IV BIOGRAPHY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CLEOPATRA IV BIOGRAPHY - Essay ExampleCleopatra was the last of the line of Ptolemaic dynasty. She originally divided up power with her father Ptolemy XII and later with her brothers Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV, whom she also married, but eventually gained sole observe (J is, 2006). During this time period in ancient Egypt, the pharaohs were considered to be linked to divine sources in the gods and goddesses of the ancient religions it is habitual knowledge that Cleopatra VII identified herself with Isis. In the current research investigation, a brief biography of Cleopatra is given, including her experience with the early Roman empire through Mark Antony, her achievements and contemporary effects of the times, and her famous death by the suicide poison of an asp.Cleopatra became queen at a very young age, being only cardinal when she ascended to her high position, and because according to the laws and customs of the time, a female ruler had to have a brother or son as a person of interest in their high court, she had to be married to her brother. such(prenominal) arrangements were not all that uncommon in royal monarchies of ancient times, as they were often based on complicated systems of bloodline purity and genetics understanding, which led to some amount of intermarriage and often, in one of the unfortuante side effects of such a system, inbreeding. Cleopatra, however, was in no way dominated in her kind to Ptolemy XII, as he was only twelve years old and she was eighteen. Instead, she effectively took power and control on her own. Cleopatra dropped Ptolemy XIII name from all administrative documents and she had her own portrait and name placed on heavy tender, ignoring her brothers claim of co-regent (Charveau, 1997). This shows the seeds of ambition being very deep in Cleopatra in name of internal control. In terms of external control, however, in her mid-life and until her death,

Film analysis on the movie Pulp Fiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Film analysis on the celluloid physical body Fiction - attempt ExampleThus, the impression is merely a cinematic r repealition of a shapeless storyline virtually bad people acting out their roles in a most realistically cruel world.Pulp Fiction presents a story that connects the lives of different people with different evil agenda acting their roles in a society with no values. The film is partly a story of exoneration of evil in an evil society. The photograph opens with a scene at the diner, where Pumpkin and Honey Bunny decide to shear the customers and the diner itself. The significance of this scene though can only be known at the end of the film where everything goes back to the diner. At the end, Vincent and Jules get involved in the robbery but when Pumpkin well-tried to seize the briefcase from him, it resulted in a matter of life and death where all four people were pointing a gun at the next one beside him. Eventually, Jules let go of Pumpkin and Honey Bunny.The cha racters in the movie atomic number 18 a mixed breed, thus attesting to the senseless pulp fiction quality of the movie. The main characters of the movie include the hired killers Vincent and Jules, upon whom the bulk of the movie is based. Other major characters include Marsellus and Butch, since it was they who both concluded the movie and somehow added some humor to it because of the sodomy scene. Other insignificant characters include Honey Bunny and Pumpkin, and Brett and his friends. These minor characters, however, added much to the degree of senseless violence in this real pulp fiction.However, although it is pulp fiction, the setting is furthest from fictitious. It is in fact a setting that is very realistic. As the characters move around the city, they visit a diner, a bar, an apartment, a club, and a pawnshop. These are the major places in an urban area where violence shaped by the characters has transpired. These are the very places, however, where modern-day senseles s violence may always take place. Thus, these places are perfect for a

Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Health bang Provider and Faith Diversity - Essay ExampleThe mind of human beings causes sickness the cause of diseases is internal, non external. In addition, Buddhists believe that human actions (Karma), whether bad or good, canful impart to problems in the future. Negative actions can arise in the future thus leading to sickness while the positive actions lead to cheer and prosperity. For Buddhists, better sicknesses begins when an individual engages in positive actions. Consequently, the mind should be mind should get rid of the veto Karmic spirits that may lead to sicknesses (Hawter, 2012). A Critical component of healing in Buddhism faith includes beliefs (in doing what is right). gentlemans gentleman beings mustiness be responsible for their actions. In addition, the Buddhist believes that doing positive actions to other(a)s can prevent future illnesses. either human being has the power to control their destiny by doing what is good. Bad actions will only lead to sic kness and sufferings (Hawter, 2012). When being fearfulnessd for by people from other faiths, Buddhist stress on the need to ensure quality care that cannot lead to future health problems. For Buddhist, actions should be positive, health care providers from other faiths must ensure that they get standard care that can heal the diseases (Hawter, 2012). ... The Shintoistic are deeply attached to nature that to scientific means of healing human beings. In addition, the Shinto believes that sickness is caused by the weaken of immune system by the spirits. The healing process begins by the removal of grievances that are not gentle to the spirits. They often seek for spirits support when they want to get healed from certain diseases (Lotus, 2012). The most sarcastic component of healing is in meditation. Human beings must honor the spirits which live on mountains, rovers and trees in order to get well. In addition, for human beings to get purification from the spirits, they must of fer sacrifices, pray, and engage in a symbolic feast. The main aim of purification is to remove dust which leads to human -spirit conflicts (Lotus, 2012). The people of Shinto consider their spirits and gods to be the most important when being cared for by health care providers from other faiths. In addition, they believe that the Goddess known as the Amaterasu, recommended that human beings should worship the mirror. Such beliefs in the goddess lead to refusal of care from other health care providers who do not share in their beliefs (Lotus, 2012). Bahai Perspective on Healing The Bahai people believe that health care providers serve God wile prosecute in health care practices. Providing quality services to patients is one of the ways in which human beings value God. In addition, the Bahai people believe in medicine, however, they also believe in divine healing where human beings can engage in prayers. Consequently, they hold the belief that there is a direct affinity between sp iritual condition and the health of human beings. Human beings are required to offer prayers to

The significance of the Copenhagen Conference Essay

The significance of the Copenhagen Conference - Essay ExampleHowever the new Obama regime seems open to the cut. In the past, the US has treated climate change as a non-issue, focusing on it only during political campaigns.Presently there are signs that the US government might reconsider its hardline stance on global warming. It had already agreed to cut its emissions by 17% in 2005. By the stratum 2030, US plans to cut emissions by 42% and 83% by 2050 (Broder).China is also superstar of the worlds biggest air polluter and a lot of pressure has been put on that areas government to come up with platform to regulate the emissions that come from industries in China. China has already agreed to cut CO2 emissions per GDP unit by 40 to 45% by the year 2020 (Zhi Lin).The whole world certainly agrees that global warming needs to be addressed as a matter of urgency. For instance the UK has already formally agreed to cut emissions by 20%. Countries in the European region also agreed to c ut their emissions by the same margin (Bulow).As a firmness of global warming, the world is becoming hotter. The Polar Regions are melting and this in turn is causing the ocean level to rise. It has been said that some islands might disappear if the situation is not addressed. Deserts are change magnitude and many people are going without water and food. This is not what the world wants, and the sooner this climate issue is resolved, the better it will be for everyone (Anup).The conference comes at a time when the world is hard press to address factors that have led to global warming and severe climate change in miscellaneous parts of the world. If the world leaders come to a practical agreement, this could be a huge abuse towards saving the world from utter destruction.However the conference might end up like so many climate-based conferences before it, which did not produce any conclusive solution to the problem of

Customers Advertisement Decision for Colorscope Case Study

Customers Advertisement Decision for Colorscope - Case Study ExampleThe companies listed in the screening 3 have are the largest companies in the areas and many people will go to purchase in those companies. This shows that the companies are congested with many customers to be served at the same cadence. The customers will take more time waiting to be attendant. The attendants are always busy, since they are few and customers are many. Colorscope has many attended who get wind that customers are served immediately they make inquiry. Colorscope also has many customers but it employees enough people who can track the customers demand. Customers will opt to go to Colorscope instead of going to waste their time or queuing in rule to get services. In Colorscope also customers needs to place an order and an attendant take care of the customers demand. Colorscope employees professionals and trains the employees in order to reckon high quality services. Customer needs to be served by p rofessionals and this is the episode with Colorscope.Calculating Profitability of Job 61001Colorscope has a long process in service provision. First, the customers places an order and then the customer representative talk to the customers and records the order details. The order is scanned and digitalized to computer pictures, and then an serious contacts publisher services which ensures color quality and appropriate of other picture features. The documents is passed to quality control to ensure it is of high quality and then sent to customers desk.

The development of measurement systems that align with the objectives Thesis Proposal

The development of measurement system of ruless that align with the objectives of habitual arena organisations - dissertation Proposal ExampleOn the other hand, Hamza (2008) mentioned that feat management exhibit is used for enhancing the productivity of the solid and develop a better brand equity in the market. Combing both these definitions, it can be assessed that performance management processes are mainly used to organise the operational activities of a firm in order to develop a better brand reflection and a competitive advantage to the stakeholders. However, Abu-Musa (2007) give tongue to that performance management processes are initiated in an organisation to help in achieving the business goals but very much managing the work processes derails the performance management processes from its original objectives. This brings in the aspect of including the strategic management process in the performance management system of a company.Focusing on the public sector organis ations, Issa-Salwe et al. (2010) mentioned that operational process of public sector organisations are mostly managed in a centralised manner which reduces the efficiency of the performance management system. One of the most common problems being faced by the public sector firms is that of imagination utilisation and resource management. Braz, Scavarda and Martins (2011) argued that resource wastage is a frequent problem being faced by the public sector organisations. Again pointing out these specific problems may change the direction of the performance management system in context of assisting the business in achieving its objective. Thus the question remains is how to set up a performance management process that supports the organisational mission and objectives. Based on evaluations of the performance of different public sector organisations Issa-Salwe et al. (2010) stated that it has to be considered that there is not set framework for performance management and thus comparabili ty among various public sector organisations may not always be valid. This sentiment has also been mentioned by Braz, Scavarda and

Lebanon Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lebanon - Annotated Bibliography ExampleWithin the context of the stated, allegiance to Lebanon is subsumed by family and smear and this is the real source of the countrys portion and problems.Cerulo examines the phenomenon of identity in this article. As he explains, each and every exclusive has multiple identities. Amongst these are primordial identity, optionalist identity and collectivist identities. A person is identified in hurt of his family, his social class, his educational status, his religion, his ethnicities and his nationality, to name but a handful. None of these identities cross out or do in the other but, instead, supposedly co-exist. The real question is which of these identities dominates as the ascendent identity is usually that which directs behaviour and actions. Cerulo believes that the dominant identity is a negotiated identity, one that has been constructed on the based of all the identities particular to the individual.Farour, a political sociologist, argues that Lebanons early days are confronting an identity crisis. Not only do they have to contend with the multiple identities which are laggard upon them by the very fact that they happened to be born in a country in which familial and ethnic identities dominate over others but with the East versus West tension. They are expected to be easterlyers, Arabs whose identity is defined in traditional Arab-centric cultural terms. Yet, due to their unprecedented exposure to the outside world and to Hesperian culture, they are unable to unquestioningly accept the traditional Arab/Eastern identity. They are trapped between Eastern and Western identities and are a product of the interaction between the two. Faour believes that the countrys youth is engaged in the negotiation of an identity which would draw the East and the West together.Salibi, K. (1988) A house of many mansions The history of Lebanon reconsidered. Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press.Salibi engages i n a historical investigation of the roots of Lebanons identity problem. As he presents it, over the past centuries Lebanon was unresolved to numerous cultures, each and every one of which attempted to impose itself on the country. The Arabs tried to Arabize Lebanon, the Ottomans tried to Ottomize and the french to Frenchify it to name but a few examples. Throughout its history, Lebanon has moved from one identity to the other. The ultimate outcome was that the country was not given the opportunity to develop its own national identity, culminating in division between multiple identities. This, according to Salibi, is Lebanons

Food and culcture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

intellectual nourishment and culcture - Essay Example6).What it says is food has got major persona in making people feel more(prenominal) attached. Older people say that if all members of the family eat food together at any time, whether it is in the morning or afternoon or at the time of dinner then it will leave more happiness in the family. Food has got such power. Food is most important to all homo beings in order to live. The importance of food is great in certain celebrations such as marriage, birthday etc. In a society food put up be used as a source for increasing the relationship with others. It can be made through exchanging food by the individuals. For example, it can be the neighbors sharing their food. This kind of activity will enrich the human relationship. Food has got important role in spiritual activities. Some people believe that offerings of some kinds of food to God will stick happiness to their life. Analyzing the relationship between food and culture, o ne can find that they atomic number 18 closely interrelated. heathenish significance of food and eating is based on social values, meaning and beliefs than the dietary necessities and nutritional standards. at that place exist a lot of examples and regularities for the selection of food. The eating practices are not a matter of somatic needs. People eat in a particular social structured mode and there are distinct ideas about good and bad table behavior, correct and incorrect habits to present dishes and the importance of having a clear cut idea about the aptness of food for different functions. These way foods express the pagan significance, the social rank, traditions and also prosperity. Leach opines, Food is an especially appropriate mediator because, when we eat, we establish, in a vocal sense, a direct identity between ourselves (culture) and our food (nature). (Fishburn, p. 57).Food is a significant element of

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Global Warming - Essay Examplers, and predominantly over the past 50 eld. Indeed, greenhouse gases have very probable caused more stiffing than has been detected, which is attributable to the off-setting cooling result from aerosol emissions by human. Huber and Knuttis find that if the same trend persist, we will reach 2C above pre-industrial levels in the next few decades.According to National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) research in the linked State, conducted in 2010, there was a finding that the ecosphere or the world can warm or cool, without both human interventions. The notion that global warming is a normal and a natural cycle is easy stipulated from paleo data. This data covers the past one million years. According to these research for the past one million years the ordinary and natural climate has wavered from warm occlusives then ice ages. This fluctuating in and out of warm eras and ice ages is interrelated sturdily with Milankovitch phases.With the purpose of unde rstanding the dissimilarity between natural cycle and human-caused/ internal global warming, one needs to reflect on variations in radiative coercing and how this affects systems on the globe such as the ocean chemistry, atmosphere, ice and snow, vegetation and ocean heat content inversion cycles and linked effects. The present radiative coercing levels be obviously outside of the realm of natural cycle array.The article by Huber and knutti is more convincing and definitive as the research methodology used are clear and over a short period of time compared to the later which the data is collected from unreliable observations and assumptions over the last one million

Quit Smoking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quit Smoking - Research Paper causeExperimentation with smoking, which can be unpleasant at first for some, is followed by adaptation to the taste and to the agreeable and rewarding sensations, as well as by behavioral associations experienced by the novice laminitis in nicotine dependence, in the later age. Smoking experimentation is often associated with the search for ones reputation and place in the adult world, which occurs just before puberty hits in (NIDA, pp 27-28). Smoking gradually becomes robes and the habit becomes addiction. It also starts as a peer pressure, or having friends who smoke or just disposition the second hand smoke.In a sense, then, parts of our brains are working against us when we try to pound bad habits. These routines can become tightwired in our brains, says Dr. Nora Volkow, director of NIHs National Institute on medicine Abuse. And the brains reward centers keep us craving the things were trying so hard to resist, adds Dr Volkov (NIH). Smoking tobacco is both a mental habit and a physical addiction. The psychological factors associated with smoking are that cigarettes relieve a smoker from stress, depression, loneliness, or anxiety. It becomes physically addicted to the smoker because you look at it after every meal or coffee, at party, along with alcohol or gambling or just because your friends are smoking at an outing. Hence, physical habit and psychological addiction, a deadly combine stops you from quitting.Several diseases have been liked to smoking coronary heart disease, stroke, lung cancer and chronic impeding lung disease are just to name a few. Needless to say, they all bring you closer to death. So the next best thing is to quit, and quit for good. Whether you are a teen smoker or a lifetime pack-a-day smoker, quitting can be tough. There are many things that can assist you in quitting which notes can buy, but there is one thing Master Card cannot buy its your exit

Critique Inferential Presentation-Statistics Essay

Critique illative Presentation-Statistics - Essay ExampleSo, with = 0.05, the critical value of F in this analysis of variance demonstrate was F0.05 (1, 4) = 230. Since computed F (FC) is less than Tabulated F (FT), Ho is accepted. This is because the result of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) shows that the computed F (12.43) is less than the tabular determine of F-statistics (230) at 0.05 degree of freedom (1, 4). This factor that there is no significant difference between the variables of amounts claimed and amounts reimbursed in relation to legitimate write off claims.The resultant R Square 0.7565 is very close to 1 and it is to a higher place 0.75 which means that the correlation is near normal curve distribution, so, it is interpreted as very high dictatorial correlation. Thus, in percentile (%), 75.65 is an indicator of significant relationship between the variables of amounts claimed and amounts reimbursed in relation to legitimate expense claims. Finally, the R squar e of 0.756494365is quite near to the adjusted R square 0.695617957. This means that the regression representative approximately fits the data.The variables of amounts claimed and amounts reimbursed in relation to legitimate expense claims are not significant in the sound regression equation. This is because the p-value of the two variables is not equal to zero.All of the test statistic values were very close to 1.96 which means that the hypothesis is rejected. The test statistics value of the Y-Intercept is z = 140.868609 / 26.70413145 = 5.275161606. The value falls near in the right rejection region. The test statistics value of P Claimed (250.5) = 0.283748969/ 0.0804926= 3.525155969. The value falls near in the right rejection

The Lover Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Lover - Essay ExampleThe backdrop of the story is piece in Indochina during Marguerites childhood in the prewar period. The protagonist of this thrilling novel, Marguerite Duras, who likewise happens to be the fountain, unfolds in simple yet luminous prose, the tale of life, as lived on the borders of Saigon during the days of Frances compound empire. The narrative focuses on the intricate and passionate relationship shared between two outcasts and their tumultuous love affair. Marguerite Durass scintillating novel is written straight from her heart and this is what makes reading it, in all the more worthwhile. The author Brechts Galileo (1940) uses a very emphatic quote that states Truth is the daughter of time, not trust and in this essay we are going to examine different incidents in the life of Duras and see how they refer to the above quote. The aging author reminisces about the past and the impoverished life she had led with her mother and her strong-growing brothe rs when they resided in Saigon. The style used for her narrative is like that of a memoir as she unravels the jolty realities of her colonial existence of the 1930s in French Indochina. During her childhood and even as a teenager, Duras had to face the harsh realities of life while co-existing with her beggar family. ... The trick works for her and she feels much happier when dressed in this fashion. The Lovers (1984) by Duras is a postmodern dreamy fantasy that helps her escape from the wretchedness of her life. This teenaged French girl tries to make in effect(p) her escape from her demented mother whose life is steeped in utter despair, depression and jealousy. In a flatus of fate, the young girl of fifteen happens to meet a Chinese millionaire, a financier who was 12 age her senior. This chance meeting took place as they happened to cross the Mekong River one day. The girl goes all out to free and lose herself in his wealth and passion in the hope that her family would be provided for. The millionaire, who though much honest-to-god to her has traveled across the world and hence has an impeccable refinement about him. Describing him in her first coup doeil she states Inside the limousine theres a very elegant man looking at me. Hes not a white man. Hes wearing European garment the light tussore suit of Saigon bankers. Hes looking at me. (Duras, 17) Even though this teenager is surrounded and steeped in all that is cheap and humiliating, yet, her strength of character is poignantly etched by the author to be one of strength and great resilience. The protagonists strength of character is one of the most remarkable and memorable aspects of the novel. The courage she exhibits when dealing with matters relating to her demented mother is highly commendable. One of the clear incidents that portray her amazing efficacy to help and love those who are weaker than herself can be seen when she interacts with her own mother. For example, when her daughter dr esses in an interesting fashion, the bile

BOOK REVIEW Research required.Review Righteous Dopefiend by Philippe Essay

bind REVIEW Research required.Review Righteous Dopefiend by Philippe Bourgois and Jeff Schonberg - Essay ExampleThese emotions were intensified by their situation, with addiction convey them closer and farther away from each some other. The work of Bourgois and Schonberg critically leaveed their findings of the conditions of the homeless community by linking image, lecture and theories. This is reflected clearly on their research methods and their whimsical style of presentation with the use of their field notes and photographs from their period of study. They did not only show the dopefiends struggle with life on the streets and with moral judgment but they also revealed their valet de chambre through the same struggles.The authors aimed to present a critical presentation of the issue of addiction. They did not merely present what is happening, though, lest they be mistaken as simply intellectual voyeurs but they find the relationship between coiffure and theories (Bourgouis and Schonberg, p.297). They critically assessed the situation but they also looked for solutions through immediate policy options and specific local interventions, both(prenominal) short and long term, to reduce the despicable of their research subjects (Bourgouis and Schonberg, p.297). Their work also aimed to redress the institutional suffering of the homeless addicts and translate this to practical use for the betterment of the community and the moral economy. They delved deep into the situation, considering not their individual(prenominal) reasons for being doped but the structural position and ehtnographic differences within the community. With this, the researchers learned how the community treats each other and how the larger and more dominant community regards dopelessness and homelessness. With the use of participant observation and photo-ethnography, the researchers developed a unique way of presenting the human side of the dopefiend community of Edgewater. With the us e photographs, they were able to present the emotions present in the workaday lives of the addicts. It also weaved a path for the

US Presidents and the Presidency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

US Presidents and the Presidency - Essay ExampleThe closely outstanding leadershiphip in American history include the founding fathers or early leaders George Washington, tush Adams, Thomas Jefferson those who presided in times of internal and external conflict Abraham Lincoln, and Franklin D. Roosevelt interContinental political leaders like James Monroe who declared the American hemisphere off-limits for European colonialist invaders Woodrow Wilson and his isolationist and international concepts. old stately global leaders presiding throughout the Cold War period like Harry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy. Other notable presidents are those who rebuilt the American economy including Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton. The 21st century has heralded the flagellum of international terrorism particularly against American interests in addition to the current global financial crisis. The forty-third president George W. Bush was the first president of the new millennium who has been accused of inciting and provoking the wrath of the Muslim terrorists. The current president, Barrack Obama is also remarkable historically in being the first African American president in addition to have being the only one born outside the continental USA.One of the most outstanding American presidents is Abraham Lincoln the 16th US president, who has been credited for his significant leadership, preserving the united States union when it was threatened by bitter internal turmoil from the breakaway southern Confederate states. The master(prenominal) cause of the conflict was the latter opposition to the abolition of slave trade in the US think to grant African Americans freedom hence, he is accredited for ending slavery in America. Lincoln successfully consolidated his power base within the Republican Party by integrating the moderate Copperheads junto and the abolitionist Radical Republicans as well as gravitating public opinion to his favour. During his famous Gettysburg

Proof reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Proof reading material - Essay ExampleUnlike the hieroglyphics of the Egyptians, Aegean writing is not considered an art but was considered to be a craft that very few specialize during their time. The origins were blurry except for signs of Prepalatial Period influences. It also did not guide definite exploitations between periods name in the Aegean. Original scripts be found in First castle Period Crete and they are with preceding documents in written form. In Crete, the development of writing was highly necessary because of the need for recording and storying the commodities. However, this idea came from the East although it does not characterize a completely imitative expression (Dickinson, p.193).Crete writing shows no signs of its origins deriving from the Eastern civilizations which had early proofs of writing in their culture. It is regarded as inherent dodge in the local level. Cretes clay documents were sun-dried while Eastern people bake their documents. some bel ieve that some records were written in perishable material such as papyrus or parchment. However, the evidence was not strong enough to prove it as fact. This leaves question regarding the usage and the contents of the materials. The artifacts contained what are perceived to be records regarding commodities and other unclear matters that the era imposed. In many signs of writing, the hieroglyphics, which was the earliest script found in writing, is known to be of north Crete particularly Mallia (Dickinson p.193-194). Linear A which evolved from hieroglyphics found in Phylakopi and Ayia Irini as tablets fragments and also in Akrotiri, Kastri and Ayios Stephano. This had tremendous influence on the scripts found in Cyprus that later on evolved into another(prenominal) level of writing known as Linear B. During The Third Palace Period, Linear B seems to be a developed version of those found at Knossos. Linear B was not only the development of writing

Water Based Fire Protection System Essay Example for Free

Water Based Fire Protection System EssayWater based can bulwark corpse is the system which is intentional to control set coldcock, protect sprightliness of people, to minimize damages of materials and alkali in more effective manner. A considerable im advancement has been made in this system to adjoin the efficiency of the system and to provide adjoind waken protection benefit. Numbers of deficiencies are identified in this system in form of reli great power, tank storage flow capacity and hydrant spacing.To arrive combustion protection system in effective manner engineer use upfulnesss are hired in form of consulting, search and development, education, manufacturing and enforcement of facilities management. These engineers basically conduct drop research to known the exact effect of the advance(a) harvest or initiative on the throw out system. During their research emphasis is made on quaternary areas such as to involve risk analysis in put forward protecti on design to make desired result. To conduct research in those areas where the emission of heat is higher and to translate ideas into model to put on it to get the desired result.They also give more emphasis on the understanding of human appearance to predict founder on reaction of people to grow cues, boobys and alarms and also on availability of entropy to obtain more accurate figure, more cost effective designs, amplificationd reliability and a amend understanding of financial losses and the cost of improvement in conflagration protection system. The above research helps the engineers to make evolutionary improvements and to create advance developments in the fire protection system as the spot required.Historical and Evolutionary Improvements in Water based Fire Protection Systems Fire protection system that is incomplete, inadequate or absent or full of deficiencies is non capable of to control fire in best manner. For e. g. sprinkler system installed im goodly or l acked pissing, fire alarms and smoke detractor not in fitting condition, improper fire doors etc. These above problems can be solved by installing sprinklers throughout the complex, by adopting fire safety essential escape route.As a result of this safety of members, staffs, visitors, buildings and sustenance can be possible. It is recommended that proper investigation of all the machinery and fire protection surveys reports to be made on regular interval to ascertain the deficiency involve in the Water based fire protection system and thereby to remove them. The interior(a) Fire Protection Association is the sole national establishment which develops and lay down standards, measures and steps mandatory required for the fire protection system for the protection of individuals and retention from the dangers of fire.This Association helps the fire protection system to remain update with current applied science and aware those with the new-fashioned improvements required therei n. It is made compulsory provision to incorporate audit committee in e precise fire protection system to check whether the requirements of fire codes and regulations pee been properly complied to ensure safety. It is also recommended to hire the service of capita police under the fire protection system to easily control over fire at anywhere.Their 24 hours on site presence play an important role in to control fire of uncontrolled nature. In recent historic period the need to prevent loss of aircraft damaged by guns and missiles is that to develop fire extinguishing system in the aircraft. In ships, on the other hand to cope with accidental fires, it is necessary to develop more effective fire extinguishing systems. The sprinkler, which was introduced more than 100 years ago, has substantial incrementally, and advancements have been made more evolutionary and revolutionary.But the recent sprinklers which have been developed are designed to effectively fight fires in specific fire hazards and to make more efficient use of water. refreshed sprinklers have been developed in the last several years for storage fire risk. The other technology which is emerge in recent years is the introduction of mist technology which is intermingled with work conducted on water spraying systems and sprinkler system. This system was earlier involve in fire control but did not prove to be so much effective due to the variety of pressures, agents, atomization techniques and nozzle configuration.So for its proper implementation need is require to conduct full scale fire testing for each screening for which water systems could be applied. The main problem lies with the installation of this system in control of fire is that it is very costly to design, develop, and evaluate. There are three main vantages of water mist system over pompous fire protection systems. The very first advantage is the ability of water mist systems to perform fire extinguishment, suppression or control with far less water than the traditional system.The other advantage is its ability ton effectively cool the protected space. It has been generally seen that during or after water discharge the temperature of the product as well as environment reduced largely. The last but not the least advantage is its ability to provide smoke scrubbing system which helps to efficiently remove the smoke from the environment that ordain lead to more clear surrounding. According to USFA (United States Fire Administration) analysis, United states and Canada are near prone to fire death among all industrialized nations.Till date, the fire problem in America was as gross(a) as it was 30 years ago (Principal Findings and Recommendations). However, as a result of recent improvements fires are down by 21 percent per capita, there is decrease in deaths and injuries by 27 percent, adjustment of dollar loss is 28 percent. In 1975, when USFA was established, the approximate fire death were 12000 and the object ive was to reduce deaths by 50 percent within 25 years. The goal was achieved by increased use of smoke alarms there is significant decrease in the number of fires and death cases over past two decades.The greater use of sprinkler system, better code enforcement of fire and smoke-resistant reflection methods, and newer fire rated construction materials has led to noticeable control over the fire death rates. Instead of making so much progress in the past decade, the United States is unflurried having one of the highest per-capita fire death rates in the world. Here, the question arises, whether changes in the new building codes leave set the United States back by a decade? Will over reliance on sprinklers and elimination of fire rated construction eliminate many of the gains that have been achieved over the past 30 years?This has led to a strong controversy on the subject of balancing active (sprinklers) and passive (fire and smoke-resistant construction) elements in fire protect ion, building design, and construction interests over the past several years. As a result of required changes in construction, as defined in the new International building Code (IBC) 2000 and the new National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 5000 building codes, this issue has came into existence. How Codes have Changed and have been Implemented given these Improvements everywhere the past 30 years, the three national model building codes are incorporated with the increased use of sprinklers while the requirements for fire-resistive components such as walls, floors beams, trusses, girders, dampers, doors, cables and columns, concrete, fireproofing, fire duct wrap, firestop systems, fire rated glazing, and fire rated wall and ceiling boards are reduced. These components and materials are very useful in controlling the spread of fire, limit the damage to a burning building and surrounding structures, and allow sufficient time for occupants to escape and firefighters to do their w ork originally the structure collapses.The two types of building codes are IBC 2000 It consists of three regional codes- BOCAI (Building Officials and Code Administrators International), SBCCI (Southern Building Code sexual intercourse International) and ICBO (International Conference of Building Officials). These codes are merged to produce a new code which represents an overall reduction in standards levels and thus in life-safety effectiveness. Significant differences in the fire protection effectiveness among areas of United States have been recorded due to difference in building code requirements, demographics, and public awareness of fire and smoke hazards.For example, less restrictive areas such as South and North east suffered greater loss of life as compared to regions such as California, where higher standards have been in force. These code differences has led to estimation of permissible height and area tables for building spaces and required mix of active and fire-res istant construction. IBC/NFPA 5000 The introduction of this code not only comprises to less restrictive provisions but also relax certain requirements Earlier, BOCA National Building Code allowed only certain buildings with sprinklers to be constructed with no area restrictions or fire-ratings till one narration height.However, under IBC and NFPA 5000, the buildings can be two storeys high and need not be fire rated. The SBCCI quantity Building Code proposed that firewalls should have four-hour fire-resistance rating. With the incorporation of new codes, the fire ratings have reduced to two or three hour as per building occupancy and use. The ICBO Uniform Building Code allowed buildings to have sprinklers any to increase the allowable height or allowable area of building, but not both simultaneously. However, IBC and NFPA 5000 allowed both without increase in fire-resistant construction.The revised code has reduced the cost of new commercial construction by 2 to 3 percent beca use of significant increase to height and area tables and reductions in fire-resistant construction requirements. Increased reliance on sprinkler system is responsible for less-restrictive construction regulations and fire-resistant construction requirements. Projections for incoming Trends and Expectations Number of projections and planning is made in the coming years to increase the efficiency of the system which most suitable to future situation.The mission of water based fire protection industry is to preserve and prove the quality of life through professional, highly trained, well equipped organization which delivers quality life suppression, prevention, education, emergency medical service, explosive ordnance disposal, rescue and other services. A noticeable increase in fire stations and apparatus is made at those places were chances of fire is more. The numbers of trained staff have increase to provide quick customer service.Currently fire stations are staffed with three pe rsonnel a captain, engineer and a fire fighter who provides immediate life support. Providing training to as many as people and to include it as a subject in the course study to create the interest. The fire station were remodeled which are three person engine company. The priorities of fire protection system is to quickly chemical reaction at emergency times, to provide training to personnel, to prevent fire, public education and development of public relations, to reach pre-incident planning and to provide all the needed facilities of apparatus and equipment maintenance.A new system to collect information related to fire incident is constituted called as National Fire operating System (NFRS). In recent years more emphasis is given on the development of fire fighting strategy tactics, on aggressive interior attack, emphasis on primary and secondary rescue operations to increase the efficiency of each individual. The new program is also set up to measure the level of fitness of employees and to ensure that employees can perform their duties in healthy and safe manner, and to reduce job related injures.A rescue list will be available to common people to utilize the service in case of need and to provide service beyond normal expectations. Numbers of safety surveys are conducted at business places, education centers, service organizations and other public places to minimize the risk of fire and in fall out to provide a safe place to live.ReferencesReffered to sites 1. http//www. pbcsd. org/reports/reviews/WaterSytemReview102706. pdf/Memorandum. 2. http//www. sfpe. org/upload/sfpe_research_agenda.pdf/The society of fire protection engineers. 3. http//www. facilitiesnet. com/ms/article. asp viper? id=4270keywords=fire%20protection,%20fire%20inspections. Keeping Fire Protection Systems from Going Bad Developing a Maintenance computer programme By Lynn Proctor windle 4. http//www. fireengineering. com/articles/article_display. html? id=196217 CLARIFYING THE I SSUE OF FIRE PROTECTION BALANCE Richard R. Licht BY RICHARD R. LICHT 5. http//www. tahoefire. com/StrategicPlan2004. pdf formulate REVIEW PROCESS

Statue of Liberty Essay Example for Free

Statue of Liberty EssayI have always dreamt of a give away life. Since the early childhood when my protoactinium and I had been going to the city market to sell some harvest and to buy some rice for the money earned. I do not remember us consume meat, may some bones that contained thin skin. Meat was too expensive to afford. I was the only staminate child in the family so I had to work and bring some money into the family. My older babe was given to her husbands family after she got married. We didnt see her often. My mother didnt love her much. Yet, my tonic did a lot.So, every time he dictum me, it seemed that he wanted to see her instead. And he became mad. I often felt his powerful feasts on my neck. But he was my parent, he gave me a birth and I appreciateed him That was a sad-sad childhood. The thoughts of the past make me suffer much. Yet, it is those hardships that do me go on, to seek another fracture life, to seek this life overseas. O, sweet America, sweet d ream. I have always see it my dreams. I remember once waking up from the excitement that filled my soul and my heart when I saw the statue of Liberty. My dad was somehow improve a little.So, when me and my infant lived with us, he used to tell us nearly the country of dream the US. He wanted very much my sister to be educated. He told that tuition was a way up. Thats what I remembered for the rest of my life. And I wanted my life to go up. Thats why I decided to go to the US. The girls in China were not in respect. My family was considered misfortuned, since at that place were two of us, girls, in the family. My mom told me that my dad used to beat her after my sister was born. He dreamt of a son. It was understandable, since girls had to go after they got married.Thus, parents would have to be left by themselves, without any support. A boy in Chinese family meant a hope for a good old age. When the boy was born into a Chinese family, the latter was considered blessed. My fami ly was considered misfortuned Yet, later on my dad got to love my older sister a lot. He tested to make her strong as a boy, despite old Chinese traditions of femininity and obedience. Thus, you can conjecture how much my dad waited for a son when my mom got pregnant for a second time. And gainfailure. He was re ally mad. T here(predicate)(predicate) was no hope he could love me sooner or later.That is how I became a real outcast in my family. My parents respected Confucian ideology a lot. Confucius professed that we, the children, had to respect and obey our parents. And we did. I do not remember any time I said something against my dad, even despite all that he made me do. I had to learn to earn money since my early childhood. I had to work as a boy. And I did However, despite harsh strict regime of traditional Chinese family, my dad was an educated person. He never stopped staying that Chinese civilization has very old roots and we had to be tall of that. And we, certainly, we re.He told that it was Chinese who invented paper and many other useful things that the humanity used. His stories were exciting. And they were probably the only rarified times when our family gathered together peacefully. Despite the fact that my dad was somewhat educated, we were a family of farmers. We grew rice and harvest-festival and then sold them. We were never rich. We were like many other Chinese families. My dad always told that Chinese is the great tribe. However, I couldnt ever understand why such a great nation made girls, the ones who gave birth and contributed to the development of Chinese generation, suffer so much.I still cannot forget how my sister used to hide from my parents in order not to show them her great pain she couldnt sincerely walk for some time. But my mom convinced that Chinese girls had to have very-very small feet. That was a stigma of femininity. Otherwise, she used to say, you will never get married. But we really didnt recover about our f uture at that time. The only thing I personally thought of was how to ease that portentous pain But time passed and we grew. I have submitted with my fate that made me suffer both from my dad and from our old traditions. But I never complained.I k clean that Chinese were a great nation. That is why everything that had to be done, even if it made me feel pain, was actually for my sake. I am very thankful my dad that he brought me up being strict and not always tolerant. He taught me to achieve everything myself. He taught me that I had to passage of arms for myself and I did. Now I remember that horrible pain from my past and I think I can survive everything. Now I can walk easily and this is the real happiness. Moreover, I am elated because I am now in the country of my dreams in the US. I am prosperous because my daughter will not have to suffer as I did.I am happy because millions of Chinese girls will be relieved from the humbleness and great pain that made them inferior to men, that made them die being alive. It is all over know. I still respect Confucius, but I am in another country now. I will learn the great wisdom of this ancient Chinese philosopher from the walls of American University. Oh, those Americans. They are so different. But that is so interesting to penetrate in the whole new culture that is so much not like yours. I was so surprised to know that here men and women are considered to be equal.That is such a great feeling. Yes, I will study Confucius from here and I will perceive all he said from the new perspective. I have so much ahead. I have so much to learn. This will be an exciting time I will never forget. We didnt have centralized schools for a long time in China. knowledge was domestic. My parents couldnt afford that. I did lack communication. But its over now. My daughter will not suffer. She would be happier than I was. But, I swear, she will not forget our Chinese culture, she will still respect Confucius teachings.

Explain the European motivations for exploration and conquest of the New World Essay Example for Free

rationalise the European motivations for exploration and conquest of the brand-new orbit EssayThe discovery of the virgin World happened to coincide with the spread of European power and culture around the know world. This spread was the result of various developments that had occurred, particularly the following the fickle growth of trade, towns, and modern corporations the religious zeal generated by the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation1 as well as the usual reasons of greed, conquest, racism, and slavery. 2 By the time of the 1400s, these and other forces combined to realize Europeans search for new lands to conquer and settle, as well as for new people to convert, civilize, or exploit. 3 Columbus various voyages to the New World opened the door for more exploration and settlement of the New World. The first European power to make concerted efforts to explore the New World was Spain, and they had three pellucid motives to win over converts to Catholic ism to conquer land and, to get rich. 4 Eventually following Spain were England and France, some(prenominal) of which had similar motives to extend their empires into the New World, as well as profit from the establishment of colonies in the New World. Clearly, wherefore, the ultimate goal of exploration and conquest in the New World was to increase power and wealth.2. Explain the religious perse shortenions in England that pushed the Separatists into Plymouth and the Quakers into Pennsylvania. Explain how Englands Glorious Revolution also prompted changes in the colonies. The Separatists, also known as the Pilgrims, were forced out of England due to their religious beliefs. They were part of the most uncompromising sect of Puritanswho had separate all ties with the Church of England. 5 They felt that the Church of England was not completely separated from the Catholic Church. talk out against the Church of England lead to persecutions by King James I and Anglican officials.6 T he Separatists then fled to Holland, but while there, felt that their children were becoming too Dutch and straying from their staunch Puritan beliefs. As a result, they secured a land patent from the Virginia Company and in 1620, sailed to America. 7 The Quakers were the most influential of umpteen radical groups that sprang fromthe English Civil War. 8 They carried further than any other group the doctrine of various(prenominal) spiritual inspiration and interpretation, which they called the inner light. 9 Doing away with many of the trappings of the Church of England, the Quakers embraced a simple(a) way of life and were extremely pacifist.10 This did not coincide with the ways of the Anglican Church, and thus, they were persecuted a vast deal. They chose to leave England and settle in the New World, where they would be able to practice their beliefs without fear of reprisal. First establishing the colonisation of New Jersey, they soon migrated to the opposite side of the De laware River and established the colony of Pennsylvania. The Glorious Revolution in England led to many changes within the colonies. The colonies that had been absorbed into the Dominion of New England Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and New Jersey all reverted to their former(prenominal) governments.11 They were also able to retain their former status, except Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth, whichwere united nether a new charter in 1691 as the royal colony of Massachusetts Bay. 12 other change was the passage of the Bill of Rights and the Toleration Act in England in 1689, both of which limited the powers of the clownishs monarchs and affirmed a degree of freedom of worship for all Christians, thereby influencing attitudes and the course of events in the colonies. 13 Finally, the Glorious Revolution set a precedent for revolution against the monarch.In other words, it set(p) the groundwork for the American Revolution, which would free the colonies from Bri tish rule. 14 5. Explain how and why the British won the French and Indian War. The French and Indian War was the last of four major wars involving the European powers and their New World colonies. 15 In this particular war, the cause of contention was upper Ohio River valley. Controlled by the French, they became irate when some Virginians locomote into the territory to make trade with the Indians easier, as well as to survey land granted to them by King George III.16 Attempts to warn off the French failed, and eventually warfare broke out in the disputed area. From 1754 to 1756, the war raged along the American-Canadian frontier without gaining attention in Europe. 17 From 1756 until the war ended, it would be structured with the Seven Years War in Europe. 18 The change in status of the French and Indian War coincided with a change within the British government. William Pitt became Prime Minister of Britain, and under his leadership, the British would trouncing the French.Allie d with the Indians, who wanted the French out of their territory, the British utilized their superior naval fleet to cut off French reinforcements and supplies to the New World. 19 The decisive point of the war was the Battle of Quebec in 1759. aft(prenominal) two months of attempting to break French defenses, the British were able to find a path that allowed them to get walking(prenominal) to the French camp. In the battle that followed, the British routed the French, thus ending French power in trade union America. 20

Reincarnation and Past Lives Essay Example for Free

metempsychosis and Past Lives Essay spiritual rebirth is the notion that when star dies, ones body decomposes more everyplace almostthing of oneself is reborn in another body. It is the belief that one has lived in front and will live again in another body after devastation. The bodies one passes in and egress of need not be hu humans. unity may have been a Doberman in a retiring(a) life, and one may be a mite or a carrot in a future life. Some tribes avoid eating certain animals because they believe that the reasons of their ancestors dwell in those animals. A man could even be coiffe his own daughter by dying before she is born and then entryway her body at birth.The belief in departed lives used to be mainly a belief found in Eastern religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism, but now is a central tenet of much woo-woo like dianetics and channeling. In those ancient Eastern religions, metempsychosis was not considered a bang-up thing, but a meritless thing. To a chieve the state of ultimate bliss (nirvana) is to escape from the wheel of rebirth. In most, if not all, ancient religions with a belief in reincarnation, the soul entering a body is seen as a metaphysical demotion, a sullying and impure rite of passage.In natural Age religions, however, being born again seems to be a kind of perverse goal. Prepare yourself in this life for who or what you want to come back as in the next life. Belief in past times lives also opens the door for New Age therapies such as past life regression therapy, which seeks the causes of todays psychological problems in the experiences of prior lives. L. Ron Hubbard, actor of Dianetics and the founder of Scientology, introduced his own version of reincarnation into his new religion. According to Hubbard, past lives need auditing to get at the root of ones troubles. He also considers that Dianetics gave impetus to Bridey Murphy and that some scientologists have been dogs and other animals in previous lives (A Note on Past Lives in The Rediscovery of the Human Soul).According to Hubbard, It has only been in Scientology that the mechanics of death have been thoroughly understood. What happens in death is this the Thetan (spirit) finds itself without a body (which has died) and then it goes looking for a new body. Thetans will hang around muckle. They will see a woman who is pregnant and follow her rarify the street. Then, the Thetan will slip into the newborn usually two or three minutes after the pitch of a child from the mother.A Thetan usually picks it up about the time the baby takes its first gasp. How Hubbard knows this is neer revealed. Channeling, like past life regression, is distinct from reincarnation, even though it is based on the same of the essence(p) concept death does not put an end to the entirety of ones being. In classical reincarnation, something of the consciousness of the departed somehow enters a new body but as that body grows only one interrelated con sciousness persists through time.Channeling might be called temporary intermittent past life invasion because thither is a coming and going of the past life entity, which always remains distinct from the present conscious being. For example, JZ Knight claims that in 1977 the spirit of a Cro-Magnon warrior who once lived in Atlantis took over her body in sound out to pass on bits of wisdom hed picked up over the centuries. Knight seems to be carrying on the work of Jane Roberts and Robert Butts, who in 1972 hit the market with Seth Speaks. Knight, Roberts, and Butts are indebted to Edgar Cayce, who claimed to be in touch with many of his past lives.One would think that channeling might muck things up a bit. After all, if various spirits from the past can enter any body at any time without destroying the present person, it is possible that when one remembers a past life it is actually someone elses life one is remembering. From a philosophical manoeuver of view, reincarnation poses some interesting problems. What is it that is reincarnated? Presumably, it is the soul that is reincarnated, but what is the soul? A disembodied consciousness? Reincarnation does seem to offer an explanation for some strange phenomena such as the ability of some people to regress to a past life under hypnosis.Also, we might explain child prodigies by claiming that unlike most cases of reincarnation where the soul has to more or less start from scratch, the child prodigy somehow gets a soul with great carryover from a previous life, giving it a decided advantage over the rest of us. Reincarnation could explain why bad things happen to good people and why good things happen to bad people they are being rewarded or punished for actions in past lives (karma). One could explain deja vu experiences by claiming that they are memories of past lives. Dreams could be interpreted as a kind of soul travel and soul memory.However, past life regression and deja vu experiences are best explained as the recalling of events from this life, not some past life. Dreams and child prodigies are best explained in terms of brain structures and genetically inheritable traits and processes. And since bad things also happen to bad people and good things also happen to good people, the most logical belief is that there is no design to the distribution of good and bad happening to people. Stories, especially stories from children, that claim knowledge of a past life, abound.One collector of such stories was the psychiatrist Ian Stevenson, who made a irresolute case that the stories offered scientific evidence for reincarnation. Finally, since there is no way to tell the difference between a baby with a soul that will go to heaven or hell, a baby with a soul that has been around before in other bodies, and a baby with no soul at all, it follows that the idea of a soul adds nothing to our concept of a human being. Applying Occams razor, both the idea of reincarnation and the idea of an immortal soul that will go to heaven or hell are evenly unnecessary.Referencehttp//www.skepdic.com/reincarn.html

Altruism Essay Example for Free

Altruism EssayThe statement nation never intentionally act to well- existence others further only to deem some keen for themselves is lots described as Altruism or an altruistic act. This statement is non entirely true. It is possible for someone to intentionally act to benefit others, but this is something that does non happen very often. There be multiple theories as to why muckle do and do non perform altruistic acts. If someone is a appendage of your family you ar more likely to service a person in need, if you feel sympathetic towards someone you be likely to serve a person in need or if it is a societal average you are likely to jockstrap them. If in a certain situation component part someone is not a social norm then you are less likely to help this person. Even if someone wanted to perform an altruistic act it is very difficult to do so in our society because we reward people who we encompass to be effective, or to have done good things. If you perform an Altruistic act towards a member of your family would be acting within Hamiltons kin selection possibility (1960s). The kin selection theory which states that you are much more likely to perform an altruistic act if the person you are helping is a member of your family.An example of this is recently in Melbourne there was a wall collapse. Three people died as a result of this incident a woman in her thirties and an eighteen and nineteen-year-old siblings, the ripened brother and his babe. The older woman died upon impact, as did the brother, but only after he shielded his sister from the collapsing wall. His sister also died later in hospital. (ABC News, 1st April 2013) This is an example of the kin selection theory. Instead of doing what benefited himself, he tried to conserve his sister, despite it having dire consequences.This would be considered an act of altruism as it did not benefit him, and in this case even had negative consequences, especially as his sister later die d in hospital. another(prenominal) reason people perform altruistic acts is out of sympathy. Sympathy is a natural feeling of hit for a person. Even if you cant relate to the person you feel bad for them, or touch for them. An example of someone feeling sympathetic is Julio Diaz, who when a mugger came up to him one night with a natural language he handed oer his wallet without complaint.When the mugger went to straits away he stopped him and offered him his coat as well, saying he didnt want the mugger to get cold. He then continued to offer to subvert the mugger dinner. (Huffington Post, 17th November 2011). Diaz obviously felt sympathy towards the mugger, or he wouldnt have given everywhere his wallet, jacket and paid for his dinner. Diaz ended up getting his wallet back from the boy who handed it over after they had eaten. Diaz felt sympathy towards the boy due to the fact that the boy had al near nothing, where as Diaz had abounding money to comfortably live.Sympathy mak es people feel like they have a moral certificate of indebtedness to help someone in need the person they feel sympathetic towards. Sometimes people help others because it is considered a social norm. An example of this is saying please and give thanks you. This is considered normal in most societies and it is often frowned upon if you dont use these. A social norm is something people often take for tending(p) and a lot of people are shocked when someone doesnt follow what they consider to be normal. Another example of a social norm in our society is to wear clothes in public.If you were walking down the passageway and you say someone walking towards you naked you would not think this was normal. You would query why they were naked and often avoid walking to close to, making eye contact with, or speaking to this person. If you were in some traditional aboriginal culture you would wear nothing but puppet skin, or even walk around naked. This is/was considered a social norm wi thin that society. There are some internationally recognized social norms, like not engaging in cannibalism, and dressing modestly. era not all societies, past or present, follow these social norms most of the world does. There are also norms within society, religion and individual families. A social norm in our society is mate-ship, not letting down your friends, family, or community. There are plenty of social norms in religion, such as in Christianity it is not exactable to love someone of the same sex. This is an example of a social norm that is behind changing over time, as do most social norms.It was a social norm in Britain in the 1800s that you attended church, where as in 2002 only 18. 6% of people in the linked Kingdom attended church regularly. (Tearfund report, 2007) This is an example of how social norms change over time, and what we consider to be social norms at the moment may not be considered normal in 40,50,60,70 or more years. These things cannot be considered a n altruistic act because you would benefit poorly from not doing these things, so it is good for you to say please and thank you, bringing it back to the first example.There are also plenty of things people do not do to help others because it is considered outside of the social norms. If you saw a drunk person on the street you probably wouldnt help them because society has shaped us to think that these people brought the state they are in on themselves, therefore it is not our problem to help them once they are in this situation. cordial norms can be beneficial, but they can also detrimental. Another instance where helping someone is not considered an altruistic act is if the act is mutually beneficial.This can cover a range of things, from the benefit to you being a smile from someone, to a bravery award. If you see a child drowning and you swim out and save them and when you get back their mother says thank you and buys you an ice plane then you are benefiting, the ice cream be ing the benefit. If while trying to save this child you drown you do not benefit in anyway, and this even has a negative affect on you. This would be an act of altruism because there is no mutual benefit.A benefit for you may be something as small as a good feeling inside, or a smile, but these are benefits of saving the child, there for there is mutual benefit. You walk away with a good feeling and maybe an ice cream and the child walks away with his life. A real life example of this is Don Richie, who lived just across the road from one of Australias most notorious suicide locations. It is estimated that Richie saved more than 160 lives in his lifetime.He received the title of Australias local hero in 2011(ABC Radio, 14th May 2012). This is something he got out of stopping these people charge up suicide. Despite the fact that he had no knowledge he was going to receive this award when he started saving people, because he received this award it is not an act of altruism. Some woul d argue that even if he hadnt received this award these would still not be acts of altruism, as he felt good about saving these people, and it made him a happier person.This is his benefit, making it mutually beneficial and not an act of altruism. People do act to benefit others, without obtaining good for themselves, but this is a rare situation. Whether the person wanted to obtain some good for themselves or not they almost always do, as acts of kindness are rewarded in most societies. While people can intentionally act to benefit others without obtaining good for themselves this almost never happens, simply because of the way our society is shaped.

Drug addiction Essay Example for Free

Drug addiction EssayAs a helping of the human service professional reviewing case studies will be an important part of the job. Not however should we keep nones on every client but we could use them as a reference for future day clients. The case studies could pose useful if past and future clients own similar cases. In this case acquire we will examine family, social, and intimate relationships. Identify any role changes that may have occurred, and immediate and future effects of healthy and unhealthy habits demonstrated in this case study. My case study is on capital of Mississippi the 25-year-old, unemployed, single adult manly, with a substance and alcohol abuse problem. later on graduating high school capital of Mississippi started attending college the following fall to earn a degree in chemistry. In the course of his first-year year capital of Mississippi suffered a major head injury in a car accident. As a will he sustained loss of his cognitive and analytica l functioning skills, due to persecute to his Cerebrum. Jackson begin drinking alcohol and abusing the painkillers giving to him by Doctors following the accident.As a result Jackson is now using prescription painkillers and mixing with alcohol to relieve the pain of feeling analogous a failure because he had to quit college. He now lives with his mother in Chicago Illinois where he currently attends a substance abuse program.Growing up in a single-parent household without the contributions of a father figure, Jackson has had problems holding on to any type of relationship. Although hes been involved with women in his past, while in college he began to question his sexuality after becoming sexually attracted Hall 3to this college roommate, uncomfortable with the way he was feeling toward another man Jackson asked the transferred to another room.As a son, Jackson was dependent on mother. Growing into a man, he left for college and begin to gain in colony. After the accident it seem s roles may have changed over time because Jackson has retreated back to his infant dependence stage. Hes now reliant on his mom, painkillers, and alcohol. As a middle adult male Jacksons future looked bright, but after slipping back to young adulthood Jackson has lost the inability to maintaincontrol over his life.Jacksons unhealthy habits will have many ill effects now and in the future. Starting with his alcohol abuse as say in an article about lowage drinking among college students, alcohol use among college kids is a major denote At colleges and universities throughout the United States. The main problem existence alcohol is consumed by students on the under the legal age of 21 (Miller, Stout, and Shepherd, 2000). Jacksons drinking is putting at risk for splurging on alcohol, killing someone or himself, or trouble with the police.Jackson as well suffers from substance abuse problem, which check to the article, Trauma and Substance Abuse, there are an estimated 20. 6 milli on young and middle adults that are classified advertisement as the defendant on drugs or alcohol (Galonte, Salman, Albers, and Sena, 2012). Jacksons drug use is also increasing the risk of death. After long-term drug and alcohol use Jacksons expression could lead him to stealing from his family, thus bringing Hall 4 about issue of trust inwardly the family. His run-ins with the police and having a record could hurt his chances of obtaining a job.The drug use could also affect him from being able to pass a drug test. Jacksons inability to gain his sobriety is not only hurting himself, but his future, family, and even his health (mixing alcohol with prescription drugs can damage the liver). This stem has assessed Jackson in great detail. A 25-year-old middle adult whose future seemed bright, but due to the accident Jackson has lost all hope. Jackson needs to complete his substance abuse program, become sober, become employed, and consider going back to school, this will ultimatel y built his self-esteem and give him self-worth.After close consideration, I will continue to follow up with the client in order to repair his pledge and interpersonal skills, so that he can improve his Intimate and personal development. Hall 5 case 1. Galante, J. M. , Ahmad, S. Albers. E. A. (n. d. ) Trauma and Substance Abuse Deadly Consequences of Intravenous Percocet Tablets. Clinical Communication Adults,() 2. Miller, N. S. , Stout, A. W. , Sheppard, L. M. (2012, September). Underage Drinking Among College Students. The ledger of emergency Medicine, 43 (3), e167-e169.

Heros Of Today And Heros Of Yesterday Essay Example for Free

Heros Of Today And Heros Of Yesterday EssayHeroes by nowadayss standards can be some things, such as firefighters, teachers, or cops. This wasnt always what the word hero was once intended to mean. What a hero is in cede day is surprisingly varied than what a hero once was. In ancient times cardinal was only called a hero if they were the strongest, bravest, smartest and the most warlike. During the course of time, the definition of what a genuine hero is has changed and the post and form of a hero has been altered, but yet some things remain the same between the twain known meanings of the word. Although there has been drastic changes to the meaning of a hero, deep down some qualities remain unaffected. Heroes of yesteryears and heroes of today still manifest, while not in the same physical forms but the same spiritual forms. Beowulf, Hercules, Achilles, and former(a) heroes of past ages all energise the same motives, drives, and characteristics. A great example of how a hero acted in ancient times is in the story Beowulf. In the story Beowulf hears that a friend of his fathers is in imply of help, so he bravely went to his aide, it took his courage to help appear the way he did. He fought Grendle with his divine strength and after a great battle, prevailed.Being brave, strong, alert, determined, honest, bold, are all the things that made them heroes. Today, if you look at the men and women that are known for being heroes you will see a great similarity in their bravery, courage, and intelligence. In these ways they are greatly the same.The image of a hero that ancient stories and books told were slightly different than the heroes in our modern tales. An example of an ancient heros behavior that is not inhabited by modern heroes is once more in Beowulf.In the story, Beowulf goes into Herot Hall, sits down and begins to boast and brag about his previous battles, as if to say he is better than everyone else. Another example is later on in the sto ry when Beowulf kills Grendel and hangs his bloody arm everywhere the Hall for everyone to see. Seeing how they had perfect physiques and were loud, cocky, and selfish, those things are not needed by todays heroes and some of these more ferine qualities are even discouraged by todays society. In current time heroes neednt bephysically strong, nor have muscles and if they are cocky and brag and claim to be better than everyone else, they will be looked down upon.A hero in the public eye differs from my personal definition of a hero. I along with many others have a personal hero. My hero is my father, now I really doubt that anyone else would choose him as his or her hero, but I do. He does have a few qualities of a hero such as being strong, brave, and courageous, but the reasons I believe him to be a hero are different. He isnt like any other person, when I talk to him about problems and ask him questions he listens and actually helps me out and gives me answers and solutions that are acceptable to me, he helps understand answers instead of just giving me right ones. He tries to be a perfect father, which is an unattainable goal but I value his efforts and respect him for trying.

High School Graduation Essay Example for Free

High School Graduation EssayThroughout life people go through so many hardships. Whether it be good or bad there is eternally something that mystifys out of the situation. One of the most exciting but yet scariest events would be graduation. So it was the day originally graduation and we were having our graduation practice. Standing outside in the line alphabetical order me and classmates talked and waited for practice to start. The sunbathe was beating down, the smell of fresh cut grass filled out our nose. We were all just formulate to to get it over with. Sitting talking with my classmates discussing our future plans. Debating whether or not we will miss lavishly school, but knowing we will definitely miss each other. So finally it came to practice locomote across the stage, so the assistant principle called my name and shook my hand and handed me my mini diploma. accordingly it finally hit me like a speeding express train, I was about to graduate. May eighteenth 201 2, finally it was here the day of my commencement. I can almost remember that day like it was yesterday, I awoke like on any other school day. That day was crazy, I was running errands and preparing for my graduation and after party. So the time had come for me to put on my blue and gilt cap and gown with my gold cords which I had worked so hard for. I had so much sense of pride at the moment all I needed was my diploma in my hand. So the final moment had come and it was time to walk the field. The music stared and we proceeded to walk down the field to our seats.Glancing out at the packed stands I could see my family and fri closes. While waiting for my name to be called, I reminisced on all the good clock Ive had in high school and all the friendships Ive made. Finally my row was directed to get up and proceed to the stage and my heart was racing. Thinking it was finally over, no more high school. I hear my name called and I hear all of my family and friends screaming and clappi ng for me and it made everything I had through with(p) to achieve the diploma my principle handed me after shaking my hand.As I was walking tail end to my seat with my diploma I was envisioning that I had just closed one chapter to my life and I was excited to embark or my next journey. Graduation is an exciting time in a souls life, especially a high school graduation. When I think of family and friends gathering together to hold open a joyous occasion, I feel I accomplished my strongest goal. It never occurred to me that graduation would be the end of my youth and the start of adulthood. Graduating from high school was an influential event that gave me a new outlook on life.

This computerized world Essay Example for Free

This calculatorized bena EssayNow, in our society all over the world technology is the most definitive advancement, a necessity in bringing about progress as we move along in this computerized world. These changes in effectmake mans life easier and more convenient. The relationship amongst the program sub dodge program library and computer is constantly changing that the use of computer contributes to the way man learns and communicates. It easy in this world to strive for changes and since library is no different from any firm and institution, considering the use of computer to finish a given task result be efficient. The fast phased of technology attributed a lot to the improvementof the library carcass. Technology enabled softw atomic number 18 developers to computerize the library system of rules. The automated library system helped the academe greatly. depository library, transactionsand queries can be created in a single click. Traditionally, library systems be utilise manually. Forms are given to librarian and they fill them of victimisation pens. calculatorized library system identifies the modern process of technology, on how it works quickly for the students and librarian.Pagadian Capitol College, base on the library system, the librarian and the library substance abusers still use the manual way of transacting of borrowing and lapseing of books. In the system we are going to make the manual library system into automated and computerized one. The manual library system is very costly, time consuming and tedious. Hence, computerized library system, the librarian can easily find the books of the student that they are looking for without going through the traditional way of assaying a library material.And for the students, it can lessen the time and move needed by them of the library. The implementation of the system will reduce the time and effort of the users in terms of adding, editing, searching, deleting and printing of reco rds. The system can also help in reducing the expenses of the library such as papers, folders, pens and other materials needed in their current system. The objective of the written report was to develop a computerized library system that will store the students basic in gradeation, books record, list of borrowers, returned books, borrowed books, and prescription of the librarian.The probe was about the Computerized subroutine library System for the BotolanCommunity College. The implementation of the system will reduce the time and effort of the users in terms of adding, editing, searching, deleting and printing of records. Thesystem can also help in reducing the expenses of the library such as papers, folders, pensand other materials needed in their current system. The system is LAN- base that enablesthe librarian to share the records of the student such as the borrowing books, returningbooks, search books, and prescriptions of the librarian.The students personal information/dat a may be stored upon the communicate of authorized librarian. The assignedlibrarians are the only one who can share any of the records/data of the students. Thesystem is not exposed of sharing its data from other databases. The system will bedeveloped using the Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0. This study will be beneficial to the following BCC Students . Through a computerized library system, they can easily find the booksthat they are looking for without going through the traditional way of searching a librarymaterial.Convenience is more seeable for it is not time-consuming, resulting to a numberof accomplished works. Librarian. The computerized library system would improve the monitoring capacitiesof those who maintain the library. It would be easier to act upon whether a particularbook is on-shelf or not. In addition, they can easily identify when will the borrowedmaterial be returned and if a borrower has failed to return the book on its due date. Furthermore, the librarian woul d be much guided when it comes to recognizing newinventory books, letting them arrange it immediately and accordingly.Related Literature Foreign According to Robson (2001), usability is a key requirement for users, says Elisabeth Robson, Product manager for Online Computer library Center. The cataloguehas become a way to pull together disparate resources, including commercial resourcesand web links. worry systems also allow circulation, including check in/check outand enable libraries to purchase materials and track where they are. According to Chad (2009), consulting is at a major point of change in the wider information economy within which library systems form part of a larger whole.He waswriting in a briefing paper about the study in library caution systems. This studyexamined the systems used in higher-education libraries across the UK and came up withsome significant observations and recommendations. It noted that the LMS merchandise in UKhigher education is already matur e and that four main vendors (ExLibris, Innovative,SirsiDynix and Talis) have almost 90 portion of the market. This market maturity means,according to the study authors, that the benefits to libraries of changing LMS provider arelimited.Library users expect to find everything together says Stephen Abram, vicepresident for entry at SirsiDynix, the leading provider of software solutions andassociated function for libraries. According to her traditionally, the library attentionsystem or integrated library system (ILS) was responsible for running libraries efficientlyand effectively. Over the last few historic period, the role of the ILS has been expanding frommeeting library needs to delivering user experience.LocalAccording to Eden (2011), views that most libraries are forced to work with fewerstaff because of the having a more alter and modernized system for their library. According also to the study, the library administration need to emphasize to their staff that the formati on has a vested interest in providing them with the tools and trainingthey need to assist the organization in the new information marketplace. These mayinclude search engines, circulation systems, and the online public access catalog.According to Lopez (2002), University of the Philippines Mindanao when UP inMindanao accepted its first batch of students in 1996, the Main Library collection wasintegrated with the core collection of the School of Management (SOM) Library at the Stanfilco Bldg. , Ladislawa Avenue, Buhangin, Davao City. The Filipiniana and GeneralReferences were housed together with the College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) collectionin elbow room 2 of the Philippine Coconut Authority. In the Second Semester AY 1996-1997,the CAS Library moved to its main campus in Bago Oshiro.Upon the mention of UPin Mindanao by the Board of Regents (BOR) as a constituent unit (CU) of the UPSystem, the CAS was split into two (2), namely College of liberal arts and Social Sciences (CHSS) and the College of Science and Mathematics (CSM). The Main Librarytransferred to the newly renovated grammatical construction where the main collection was set-up besidethe books of the CHSS and the CSM. In July 2002, the library established the LibraryEducational Media and Information Technology Office (LEMITO). The LEMITOhandles the audio-visual values, internet and the connectivity of the library.It currentlyholds office at the Elias B. Lopez Hall Dormitory. Later, the Main Library collectionwhich grew from 100 titles to 6,191 volumes at the end of May 2004, and was transferredto the Administration Bldg today, the Main Library occupies the former UP in MindanaoCultural Center (UPMCC) earning. Related Studies Foreign According to Charuasia (2010), connotes the term library with use of automaticdata processing machines to perform routine library activities. It implies a high degree of mechanization of various routine and repetitive tasks operations and processes are leftto be pe rformed by human beings.The study stresses library automation as theapplication of computers and utilization of computer based products and portions in theperformance of different operations and functions or in the provision of various servicesand output products. In addition to computer advancement, telecommunication andaudio-visual technologies gives away to new possibilities in information processing. According to Back Bailey (2010), explored the physique space of mash-uptechniques for the faultless inclusion of information from Web services into websites.They considered the cases where an Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) is every the target of such addition or the basis of the information being included. They focused on client-side techniques in which each users browser contacts Web services directly because this approach lends itself to the creation of hypertext markup words widgets. The widgets allowthe integration and customization of Web services without requiring prog ramming. Theyalso described in detail the functionality and use of several widget libraries and Webservices we built.Although the special requirements for (2010), explored the designspace of mash-up techniques for the faultless inclusion of information from Web servicesinto websites. They considered the cases where an Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC)is either the target of such addition or the basis of the information being included. Theyfocused on client-side techniques in which each users browser contacts Web services directly because this approach lends itself to the creation of HTML widgets. The widgetsallow the integration and customization of Web services without requiring programming.They also described in detail the functionality and use of several widget libraries andWeb services we built. Although the specific requirements for 13each system differbecause of their respective nature, all systems are designed to be deployable withminimum effort and resource requirements. This low entry cost, have with theprovision of a high-level, non-programming interface, constitute two vital preconditionfor the broad adoption of techniques in libraries, which in turn has the latent to vastlyincrease the reach and visibility of their electronic resources in the wider community.Local According to Lou (1986), a survey on the computer application in 223 libraries inMetro Manila. The study revealed that they prioritize the three library functions to be computerized as cataloging, indexing, and circulation. However, the plans for automationfor the libraries cannot be implemented due to financial incapability of the libraries, andthe lack of funds from the government. Despite of this drawback, the libraries are notturning their backs unto the automation of their libraries.According to Agena (2008) do a study about the collection usage of thestudents of the Jose Rizal University in a period of three years using the quantitative andqualitative approach. The goal of the study is to assess the usefulness of the faculty of students to their library and it been revealed that it is generally important for them to goto the library for their academic needs. - Beijing Foreign Studies University Library Library temporarily by the Chinese branch, contradictory language books, periodicals reading room and library office.Collection of writings covering Britain, France, Russia, Germany, the West, Japan, Arab and other 49 languages, literature more than 110 million copies total, 28 million copies of e-books, 1179 kinds of Chinese and foreign periodicals, nearly 11,000 of a descriptor of audiovisual materials , and foreign language electronic journal of nearly 26,000 species in 47 foreign language database, Own Special Database 4, the initial formation of the characteristics of language, literature, culture, primary data collection.In recent years, with the development of my discomfit construction, legal, diplomatic, economic, news and management literature also increased steadily. The library is located eight business and service sectors, a total of 53 staff, including Associate Research Librarian, Librarian 39. Libraries advanced ALEPH500 automated library management system to achieve the cataloging and retrieval of the museum and part of the Department of multilingual literature.Museum and National Library, as well as Peking University, the National Peoples Congress and other 40 University Library in Beijing and Shanghai Library interlibrary loan business, and the original delivery services provide CASHL and BALIS of foreign periodicals. In order to facilitate domesticate teachers and students in off-campus access to library resources, the museum specially opened VPN remote access system.The overall goal of building 12 during the Beijing Foreign Studies University Library the progressive realization of the collection features of the service information, specialization, and scientific management through active participation in the college literature resources to build a sharing system, and strive to build for the final documents of the domestic foreign language teaching and research support base and information service center, into a resource-rich, and diverse service, open and harmonious, the reader satisfied with international first-class research library.

Free

spare Space Optical Communication EssayFree space optical intercourse is the to the highest degree growing communication beca spend it is easy to install and has a utmost speed beca physical exertion the channelize is transmitted in the air. So that will introduce the atmospheric affect in the optical wave annexe. atmospheric turbulence causes fluctuations in both the intensity and the phase of the received indicate. So we need to study the effect and the limitation if we introduce a free space optical communication formation with dual wavelength (980 nm, 1550 nm). Also studying the effect of turbulence when using two unlike wavelengths. admissionFree space optical communication is a kind of communication that use gently propagation to send data between two points. Free Space Optics are capable of up to 2.5 Gbps of data, character and video communications through with(predicate) the air, allowing optical connectivity without requiring fiber-optic cable or securing s pectrum licenses. So we can use LEDs or optical maser for transmission data. Free Space Optics (FSO) technology is relatively simple. Its make on a laser vector and a pass catcher to provide full duplex capability. to each one FSO unit uses a high- business leader optical source, a lens that transmits light through the air travel to other lens receiving the information. The receiving lens connects to a high-sensitivity recipient via optical fiber. Because the transmission in slide byred in air it is considerably upgradable. FSO send a light beam from one point to a nonher using low power lasers in the teraHertz spectrum. This beam is transmitted by laser light focused on photon sensor manslayers. These receivers collect the photon stream and transmit digital data. If there is a clear line between the two point FSO can operate on a distance of several kilometers as long we ingest a powerful transmitter.Features of the laser communications systemInformation usually in the form of digital data, data is entered to be regulated by the laser source transmitting electronics. Coding techniques can be used directly or indirectly depending on the type of laser used. Output source passes through the optical system in the channel. The visual system usually involves the transfer, beam shaping, and the telescope optics. Beam receiver comes in through the optical system and passed to the detection and signal processing electronics. at that place is also a terminal control electronics that must manage gimbals guidelines and other mechanisms, and machinery, to maintain and track the acquisition of the operating(a) system designed in the mass of the process. In order to communicate, you must nonplus received enough cypher by the detector to distinguish signal from noise.Laser power, optical transmission system losses, pointing out shortcomings of the system, transmitter and receiver antenna gains and losses, receiver, receiver and loss tracking, are all factors that force in the establishment of the receiver power. The required optical power is determined by data rate, detector sensitivity, configuration modes, noise, and detection methods. When the receiver is to detect the signals, it is in fact the decision-making regarding the nature of the signal (digital signal is sent when the distinction between the ones and zeros).There are two types of distributions one when the signal present (including the amount of photocurrent due to the back base and the current detector in the dark), and one when there is no signal present (including sources of no signal current only). A threshold must be developed to increase the success rate and reduces the defect rate. Even when there is no signal present, the fluctuation sources of no signal lead periodically to the threshold to be exceeded. This is an error stating that the signal exists when there is no signal present. Distribution of signal may also fall on the other side of the threshold, so any er rors stating that the signal is going to happen even when the signal is present. hostageFSO systems work in the near infrared wavelength range slightly above the visible spectrum. So, the human shopping centre cannot clearly estimate the transmission beam. The wavelength range is around 1 micrometer that is used in FSO transmission. The interception of FSO operating systems with narrow beam in the infrared spectral wavelength is by far the more difficult. Small diameter of the beam is usually only a few meters in diameter in the target rate are one of the reasons that make it extremely difficult to intercept the communications of the FSO. Intruder must cognise the exact origin or target of the infrared beam and intercept only within a very narrow angle of beam propagation. Intercept packets directly from the FSO networks between remote locations is impossible in the main because the beam passes through the air usually at a higher altitude than at ground level. Due to the fact that the transmission beam is not visible, and that any attempts to block the beam can occur near the FSO point of access and the process of transition poses another obstacle.Capture the signal from the location that does not fall directly within the path of light with photons of light scattered from aerosols, fog, rain, or molecules that may be present in the atmosphere is almost impossible because of the energy levels are very low use infrared through FSO process transmission. The main reason for the exclusion of this possibility of intrusion is the fact that light is an ally and statistically isotropic in different directions from the path of the original propagation. This specific mechanism keeps the bestow piece of photons or the amount of radiation that can potentially be collected on the detector that is not placed directly in the beam path beyond the detection level of noise.Atmospheric turbulenceAtmospheric turbulence can destroy the performance of FSO systems. The change s in temperature and pressure in the atmosphere lead to changes of the refractive list along the transmission path. These changes can make the quality of received signal fade and causes fluctuations in the intensity and the phase of the received signal. These fluctuations can limit the performance of the system. The atmosphere is a viscous fluid and it has two state motions 1) laminar (there is no mixing in the air molecules) 2) disruptive (there is mixing that creates eddies). Atmospheric turbulence can be physically described by Kolmogorov theory. The energy of colossal eddies is redistributed without loss to eddies of decreasing size until finally dissipated by viscosity. The size of turbulence eddies unremarkably ranges from a few millimeters to a few meters, denoted as the inner scale and the outer scale, respectively. So the office of refraction n is very sensitive to small scale temperature fluctuations (temperature fluctuations are combined with turbulent mixing). So, t he index of refraction is the most important in optical wave propagation.Because it behaves like a passive additive. So the spectrum of index of refraction can be described by Kolmogorove spectrum n () = 0.033 Cn 2 -11/3 , 1/L0 1/l0 Here in this model the variations in humidity and pressure are neglected. This model is the most model used in theoretical analyses but it is right only over wave effect within the inertial subrange. To take into account the inner and outer scale effects, there is various models have been developed. Like Tatarskii and van Karman models. So all these models are useful for theoretical calculations but only inner(a) the inertial range. They are not based on rigorous calculations outside the inertial range, but more on mathematical convenience and tractability. The modified atmospheric spectrum is the only model that features the high wave number rise prior to the dissipation range. n () = 0.033 Cn 2 1+1.802(/l)-.254(/l)7/6 x exp(-2/2 l)/(2 + 20)11/6 , 0= , l=3.3/l0ExperimentThe experiment that we need to do is to use two laser sources with different wavelength (980 , 1550) and set the receivers about 2-4 km from the transmitter and start sending the signals. We will use the same signals in both transmitters. Then we will study the performance of the system and see if that jockstrap to receive the signal in more accurate way than using one transmitter. That will help us to see the effect of optical turbulence and atmospheric effects. So we will calculate the performance of the system and greenback the atmospheric turbulence. So we need to ask some questionsWhat is the effect of optical turbulence?Is losing a fraction of one signal will be recovered by the other signal?Is that going to help the performance of the system?Is the pdf that we used in the transmitter side will be the same as the pdf in the receiver side? Light waveLight waveReceiverReceiver vectorTransmitterTransmitterTransmitterReceiverReceiverRead phoneticallyDic tionaryReference1. Laser beam propagation through random media by Larry C. Andrews, Ronald L. Phillips. 2. Free space optical communications grad notes.3. http//www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-freespace-optics-full-reportixzz1KfUtl5xP 4. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication